[ RadSafe ] BEIR VII Phase 2 Report * "Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation May Cause Harm"

Thu Jun 30 01:37:37 CEST 2005

Jim, All,

Do you want the full report for a substantial review?  (733 pages, 4.7 MB
PDF)

Regards, Jim Muckerheide

-----Original Message-----
From: radsafe-bounces at radlab.nl on behalf of Jim Hardeman
Sent: Wed 6/29/2005 4:28 PM
To: radsafe at radlab.nl
Subject: [ RadSafe ] BEIR VII Phase 2 Report * "Low Levels of Ionizing
Radiation May Cause Harm"

Colleagues *

I thought y'all might be interested in this. The National Research Council
released the BEIR VII Phase 2 report today ... the link is:

URL = http://www.nationalacademies.org/morenews/ ... and it's the top news
article.

Press release follows.

Jim Hardeman
Jim_Hardeman at dnr.state.ga.us

===================

Date: June 29, 2005
Contacts: Vanee Vines, Senior Media Relations Officer
Megan Petty, Media Relations Assistant
Office of News and Public Information
202-334-2138; e-mail <news at nas.edu>

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation May Cause Harm

WASHINGTON -- A preponderance of scientific evidence shows that even low
doses of ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays and X-rays, are likely to
pose some risk of adverse health effects, says a new report from the National
Academies' National Research Council. 

The report's focus is low-dose, low-LET -- "linear energy transfer" --
ionizing radiation that is energetic enough to break biomolecular bonds. In
living organisms, such radiation can cause DNA damage that eventually leads
to cancers. However, more research is needed to determine whether low doses
of radiation may also cause other health problems, such as heart disease and
stroke, which are now seen with high doses of low-LET radiation. 

The study committee defined low doses as those ranging from nearly zero to
about 100 millisievert (mSv) -- units that measure radiation energy deposited
in living tissue. The radiation dose from a chest X-ray is about 0.1 mSv. In
the United States, people are exposed on average to about 3 mSv of natural
"background" radiation annually.

The committee's report develops the most up-to-date and comprehensive risk
estimates for cancer and other health effects from exposure to low-level
ionizing radiation. In general, the report supports previously reported risk
estimates for solid cancer and leukemia, but the availability of new and more
extensive data have strengthened confidence in these estimates. 

Specifically, the committee's thorough review of available biological and
biophysical data supports a "linear, no-threshold" (LNT) risk model, which
says that the smallest dose of low-level ionizing radiation has the potential
to cause an increase in health risks to humans. In the past, some researchers
have argued that the LNT model exaggerates adverse health effects, while
others have said that it underestimates the harm. The preponderance of
evidence supports the LNT model, this new report says.

"The scientific research base shows that there is no threshold of exposure
below which low levels of ionizing radiation can be demonstrated to be
harmless or beneficial," said committee chair Richard R. Monson, associate
dean for professional education and professor of epidemiology, Harvard School
of Public Health, Boston. "The health risks * particularly the development of
solid cancers in organs * rise proportionally with exposure. At low doses of
radiation, the risk of inducing solid cancers is very small. As the overall
lifetime exposure increases, so does the risk." The report is the seventh in
a series on the biological effects of ionizing radiation.

Assessing Health Risks

The committee's risk models for exposure to low-level ionizing radiation were
based on a sex and age distribution similar to that of the entire U.S.
population, and refer to the risk that an individual would face over his or
her life span. These models predict that about one out of 100 people would
likely develop solid cancer or leukemia from an exposure of 0.1 Sv (100 mSv).
About 42 additional people in the same group would be expected to develop
solid cancer or leukemia from other causes. Roughly half of these cancers
would result in death. These particular estimates are uncertain, however,
because of limitations in the data used to develop risk models. 

Survivors of atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, were the
primary sources of data for estimating risks of most solid cancers and
leukemia from exposure to ionizing radiation. The committee's review included
an examination of updated cancer-incidence data from tumor registries of the
survivors, and of research data on solid cancer deaths -- which is now more
abundant because the number of deaths available for analysis has nearly
doubled since the Research Council published its previous report on this
topic in 1990. The committee combined this information with data on people
who had been medically exposed to radiation to estimate risks of breast
cancer in women and thyroid cancer. Data from additional medical studies and
from studies of people exposed to radiation through their occupations also
were evaluated and found to be compatible with the committee's statistical
models. Follow-up studies should continue for the indefinite future, the
report says. 

Adverse hereditary health effects that could be attributed to radiation have
not been found in studies of children whose parents were exposed to radiation
from the atomic bombs. However, studies of mice and other organisms have
produced extensive data showing that radiation-induced cell mutations in
sperm and eggs can be passed on to offspring, the report says. There is no
reason to believe that such mutations could not also be passed on to human
offspring. The failure to observe such effects in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
probably reflects an insufficiently large survivor population.

Follow-up studies of people who receive computed tomography (CT) scans,
especially children, should be conducted, the report adds. Also needed are
studies of infants who are exposed to diagnostic radiation because catheters
have been placed in their hearts, as well as infants who receive multiple
X-rays to monitor pulmonary development. CT scans, often referred to as whole
body scans, result in higher doses of radiation than typically experienced
with conventional X-rays. 

Sources of Ionizing Radiation 

People are exposed to natural background ionizing radiation from the
universe, the ground, and basic activities such as eating, drinking, and
breathing. These sources account for about 82 percent of human exposure. 

Nationwide, man-made radiation comprises 18 percent of human exposure. In
this overall category, medical X-rays and nuclear medicine account for about
79 percent, the report says. Elements in consumer products -- such as
tobacco, tap water, and building materials -- account for another 16 percent.
Occupational exposure, fallout, and the use of nuclear fuel constitute
roughly 5 percent of the man-made component nationwide. 

Factors that could increase exposure include greater use of radiation for
medical purposes, working around radioactive materials, and smoking tobacco.
Living at low altitudes, where there is less cosmic radiation, and living and
working on the upper floors of buildings, where there is less radon gas -- a
primary source of natural ionizing radiation -- are factors that could
decrease exposure. 

The report was sponsored by the U.S. departments of Defense, Energy, and
Homeland Security, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. The National Research Council is the
principal operating arm of the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering. It is a private, nonprofit institution that provides
science and technology advice under a congressional charter. A committee
roster follows.

Copies of Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation
(BEIR VII - Phase 2) will be available this summer from the National
Academies Press; tel. 202-334-3313 or 1-800-624-6242 or on the Internet at
http://www.nap.edu. Reporters may obtain a copy from the Office of News and
Public Information (contacts listed above).

[ This news release and report are available at http://national-academies.org
]

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
Division on Earth and Life Studies
Board on Radiation Effects Research

Committee to Assess Health Risks From Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing
Radiation

Richard R. Monson, M.D., Sc.D. (chair)
Associate Dean for Professional Education, and
Professor of Epidemiology
School of Public Health
Harvard University
Boston

James E. Cleaver, Ph.D.(1) (vice chair)
Professor of Dermatology
Cancer Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
University of California
San Francisco

Herbert L. Abrams, M.D. (2)
Professor Emeritus of Radiology 
Stanford University Medical School, and
Member in Residence
Stanford Center for International Security and Cooperation
Stanford, Calif.

Eula Bingham, Ph.D. (2)
Professor of Environmental Health
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati

Patricia A. Buffler, Ph.D. (2)
Kenneth and Marjorie Kaiser Chair of Cancer Epidemiology, and 
Professor of Epidemiology
School of Public Health
University of California
Berkeley

Elisabeth Cardis, Ph.D.
Chief, Unit of Radiation and Cancer
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Lyon, France

Roger Cox, Ph.D.
Director
National Radiological Protection Board
Chilton, United Kingdom

Scott Davis, Ph.D.
Professor and Chair
Department of Epidemiology
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
University of Washington, and 
Full Member
Program in Epidemiology
Division of Public Health Sciences
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Seattle

William C. Dewey, Ph.D.
Emeritus Professor of Radiation Oncology
University of California
San Francisco

Ethel S. Gilbert, Ph.D.
Biostatistician
Radiation Epidemiology Branch
National Cancer Institute
Bethesda, Md. 

Albrecht Kellerer, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus
University of Munich
Munich, Germany

Daniel Krewski, Ph.D., M.H.A.
Director
McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, and
Professor of Medicine and of Epidemiology and Community Medicine
University of Ottawa
Ontario, Canada

Tomas Lindahl, M.D.
Director 
Clare Hall Laboratories
Cancer Research U.K. 
London

Katherine E. Rowan, Ph.D.
Professor and Associate Chair
Department of Communication
George Mason University
Fairfax, Va. 

K. Sankaranarayanan, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus 
Department of Toxicogenetics
Leiden University Medical Centre
Leiden, Netherlands

Daniel W. Schafer, Ph.D.
Professor 
Department of Statistics
Oregon State University
Corvallis

Robert L. Ullrich, Ph.D.
Barbara Cox Anthony University Chair in Oncology
Departments of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences and of Clinical
Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins

RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF

Rick Jostes, Ph.D.
Study Director

Evan B. Douple, Ph.D.
Director
Board on Radiation Effects Research

(1) Member, National Academy of Sciences
(2) Member, Institute of Medicine 

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