No subject

One March day in 1959, in the sleepy British seaside town of Eastbourne,
a
nuclear enthusiast decided to feed her dinner guests irradiated peanuts
and
potatoes that had been preserved with radioactive sodium. While Muriel
Howorth's guests were unsure about their repast, the unusual dinner was
the
start of an unforeseen chain reaction that led to the birth of one of
the
quirkiest horticultural collectives there has ever been: the Atomic
Gardening Society.

The society encouraged members to grow plants under radioactive
conditions
so that beneficial mutations would arise. The idea might sound strange,
even
dangerous, now - but back in the 1950s it was part of a broader trend.
The
movement was part of a concerted effort in the US and Europe to find
beneficial uses for atomic energy after the destruction caused by the
atomic
bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.=20

In his 1953 "Atoms for Peace" speech to the United Nations general
assembly,
US President Dwight Eisenhower highlighted a turning point in attitudes
to
nuclear power when he stated that it should be "constructive, not
destructive". He also proposed the International Atomic Agency be set
up,
where "experts would be mobilized to apply atomic energy to the needs of
agriculture, medicine and other peaceful activities".=20

In "gamma gardens" run by national laboratories in the US, plants
growing in
concentric circles were bombarded with radiation from a central source -
such as cobalt-60 - elevated on a pole. The pole could be lowered below
ground when people were tending the plants. Plants nearest the centre
tended
to die, a little further out they developed tumours and developmental
problems, but the plants furthest out sometimes developed potentially
beneficial mutations. It was hoped the treatment could, for instance,
produce colour changes in flowers, disease resistance in wheat and
increased
sugar content in maples.=20

"If you think of genetic modification today as slicing the genome with a
scalpel, in the 1960s they were hitting it with a hammer" says
nanotechnologist Paige Johnson of the University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, who
researches garden history in her spare time.=20

Johnson discovered the Atomic Gardening society while studying atomic
motifs
in gardens. She was quite unprepared to find this literal expression of
the
power of the atom in the garden. "When I first heard about atomic
gardening
I thought it was a joke," she says. "It sounded like something out of
the B
movies of the 1950s - giant ants and that sort of thing."=20

Giant ants maybe not, but the peanuts to which Howorth subjected her
atomic
dinner party guests had been bombarded with18,500 roentgens of X-rays -
that's 37 times the dose that would kill a person in 5 hours. The
peanuts
originated in the lab of Walter Gregory of North Carolina State
University,
who would select beneficial mutants from the plants he zapped - those
which
produced larger or more numerous peanuts than usual. His thick-hulled
"North
Carolina fourth-generation X-rayed" (NC4x) strain was the size of an
almond
(Crops and Soils, vol 12, p 12), and it was one of these that he sent to
Howorth.

Gregory called the NC4x as "a milestone in crop breeding". When a NC4x
Howorth planted germinated in a quick four days, it was hailed by garden
writer Beverley Nichols as: "the most sensational plant in Britain... It
is
the first 'atomic' peanut".

The media attention brought new members to the society and allowed
Howorth
to conduct an early crowdsourcing experiment. She imported irradiated
Atomic
Energised seeds from entrepreneur C. J. Speas of Tennessee and
distributed
them to members of the society, who looked for changes in their seeds
and
reported them on progress cards. These were then analysed by retired
geneticists and plant biologists.=20

It would be easy to dismiss atomic gardening as a naive and overzealous
attempt to somehow make up for the ills of nuclear weapons. Nuclear
energy
seemed to promise not only free electricity but the eradication of
famine -
and the atomic gardeners had no qualms about releasing irradiated seeds
into
the environment. "They thought they were changing the world, and they
weren't very self-reflective about that," says Johnson.=20

The legacy of the atomic gardens can still be seen today. Working gamma
gardens exist in Japan, and varieties descended from irradiated plants -
such as the Rio red grapefruit - stack our supermarket shelves. 70 per
cent
of the peppermint sold in the US is descended from a mutant in a
neutron-irradiated source. Even if atomic gardening was a misguided
experiment, it has thrown up some unexpectedly tasty results.=20

In 1963 Muriel passed the Atomic Gardening Society on to Thomas E. Grey.
If
anyone has any further information about him, or was a member of the
society, please get in touch with Paige Johnson, who gave a talk on the
Atomic Gardening Society at the Garden Museum in London yesterday.=20

http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2011/06/atomic-gardening-da
y-of
-the-irradiated-peanuts.html

http://gardenhistorygirl.blogspot.com/2010/12/atomic-gardens.html


Fred Dawson
New Malden
England



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