[ RadSafe ] Radioactive contaminationunearthedatformerrockettest site n...
Jerry Cohen
jjcohen at prodigy.net
Mon Dec 31 18:05:56 CST 2012
Mike,
Thanks for your interesting discussion on the nuclear ramjet. As I
recall, it's mission
would have been to fly over enemy territory at an altitude of ~500 ft.
imparting a
fatal radiation dose to the people below. It would have been a truly nasty
weapon.
As you mentioned, retrieving the reactor following its use would have
posed a
tricky problem. I think the best approach considered was to crash it into
the deep ocean.
Of coarse, multiple usage would have been out of the question
In retrospect, perhaps it was best to scrub the project-- although it posed
some
interesting technological challenges.
Jerry Cohen
----- Original Message -----
From: "Brennan, Mike (DOH)" <Mike.Brennan at DOH.WA.GOV>
To: "The International Radiation Protection (Health Physics) MailingList"
<radsafe at health.phys.iit.edu>
Sent: Monday, December 31, 2012 12:05 PM
Subject: Re: [ RadSafe ] Radioactive
contaminationunearthedatformerrockettest site n...
> There are a couple of separate but related problems:
>
> A "ramjet" doesn't have turbines or compressors or what-have-you to move
> air into the jet when the aircraft is at low speeds (all the way down to
> stopped). The aircraft has to be moving fast enough to "ram" air into
> the intake, in order for it to be heated (regardless of the heat source)
> and shoved out the back, pushing the aircraft forward to ram more air.
> Ramjets always need some other propulsion system to get them up to speed
> (such as rockets). For the nuclear ramjet, the cooling is the air going
> through it, with a delta T of thousands of degrees in a fraction of a
> second. You need a minimum speed to provide cooling and to maintain
> lift. Controlling power level of a reactor by controlling criticality
> with control rods is hard and slow (that's why no one does it that way
> for moment-by-moment power level control, at least that I am aware of).
> It wouldn't work for an aircraft. You can control speed a little by
> increasing or decreasing drag, but throttling the reactor really isn't a
> viable option.
>
> Reactors in space are a different issue. I have given it some thought,
> as I have a novel I am playing with space ships that use reactors. It
> is an interesting problem once you get reactors big enough to require
> coolant be moved through them. Think about what happens when liquid
> boils, or gas heats, but there isn't gravity to produce density
> gradients, and cause hot things to rise. As for cooling in space,
> vacuum isn't cold; it is a really good insulator. If you are in shadow,
> then you lose heat through radiation to your surroundings. If you are
> in sunlight, half of you is heating up and half is radiating, which can
> lead to complications. There are several entertaining ways of shedding
> heat, depending on your particular situation, but everything is more
> complicated with no gravity, variable acceleration, and only the
> air/water you bring with you.
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: radsafe-bounces at health.phys.iit.edu
> [mailto:radsafe-bounces at health.phys.iit.edu] On Behalf Of
> JPreisig at aol.com
> Sent: Monday, December 31, 2012 10:26 AM
> To: radsafe at health.phys.iit.edu
> Subject: Re: [ RadSafe ] Radioactive contamination
> unearthedatformerrockettest site n...
>
> Radsafe,
>
> I expect, if you put such a sophisticated reactor in a bomber
> aircraft, one of the real problems is how to cool the reactor well. On
> a submarine or aircraft carrier, you can always??? readily get cooling
> water. In a spaceship in space, one could cool the reactor by using the
> cold temperatures of outer space (circulate a water loop outside of the
> spaceship???).
>
> As for a ramjet having two speeds, that is a really neat problem.
>
> Clearly, you change the power
> level in the reactor using the control rods. But in a ramjet, or
> bomber, or whatever, you really need the ability to change power levels
> quickly --- there are times when a ramjet, a jet or a bomber needs to
> accelerate or decelerate quickly. In a jet the inertial guidance
> system has been specifically designed (using ring laser gyroscopes
> and/or accelerometers) to respond quickly --- and one wants the ability
> to make flight control surfaces (i.e. flaps etc.) respond quickly. A
> reactor, even a sophisticated one, doesn't lend itself to making rapid
> changes (on demand). Really pretty interesting.
>
> I guess dive planes in a submarine usually move pretty slowly????
>
> Regards, Joe Preisig
>
>
>
>
>
> In a message dated 12/31/2012 12:26:22 P.M. Eastern Standard Time,
> Mike.Brennan at DOH.WA.GOV writes:
>
> I had a professor who worked on the nuclear powered ramjet. He said it
> could power a bomber to supersonic speeds, but not with the mass needed
> to shield the reactor enough to service the plane. They looked at a
> lot of different possible work-arounds, but never came up with anything
> that was good enough.
>
> He said one of the real deal-killers was the acknowledged fact that
> airplanes sometimes crash, and no one wanted to be involved in cleanup
> of a particularly hot reactor after it hit the ground at a couple
> hundred miles per hour.
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: radsafe-bounces at health.phys.iit.edu
> [mailto:radsafe-bounces at health.phys.iit.edu] On Behalf Of Jerry Cohen
> Sent: Saturday, December 29, 2012 4:20 PM
> To: The International Radiation Protection (Health Physics) Mailing
> List
> Subject: Re: [ RadSafe ] Radioactive contamination unearthed
> atformerrockettest site near Los Angeles - U.S. News
>
> I believe you are refereing to the "Pluto" program managed by the Los
> Alamos Lab. Pluto was a rocket powered by liquid hydrogen by running it
> through a nuclear reactor expanding its volume to provide the necessary
> thrust. It worked, but I assume because it invoved nuclear energy, it
> was politically unacceptable to the politicians in Washington. During
> the same period (the 60's), Livermore Lab was working on a nuclear
> powered ramjet engine.
> Following its first sucessful test, this project was also killed by the
> federal government.
> Jerry Cohen
>
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: Edmond <edmond0033 at comcast.net>
> To: The International Radiation Protection (Health Physics) Mailing
> List <radsafe at health.phys.iit.edu>
> Sent: Sat, December 29, 2012 10:20:06 AM
> Subject: Re: [ RadSafe ] Radioactive contamination unearthed
> atformerrocket test site near Los Angeles - U.S. News
>
> I think (not very sure) at one time the DOE or (AEC) was trying to
> develop a rocket engine that was to be powered by radioactivity. It was
> canceled for whatever reason.
>
> Ed Baratta
>
> edmond0033 at comcast.net
>
> -----Original Message----- From: Douglas Minnema
> Sent: Wednesday, December 19, 2012 3:44 PM
> To: The International Radiation Protection (Health Physics) Mailing
> List
> Subject: Re: [ RadSafe ] Radioactive contamination unearthed
> atformerrocket test site near Los Angeles - U.S. News
>
> Just curious, what about tritium?
>
> Twelve or so years ago, when I was doing a safety management system
> review of the DOE-funded cleanup operations at that site, there was
> clear (and
> acknowledged) evidence of a tritium plume moving from the site into
> off-site areas. I was surprised at the time because there had not been
> any active reactors or other obvious sources for the tritium at the site
> for many years before that time, but it was equally clear that the plume
> was associated with one of the old test reactor locations.
>
> I understand that the intervening half-life of time will have reduced
> the quantities further (please, no lectures on radioactive decay :-)
> but at that time the quantities were easily measurable. I'm not sure
> that one half-life would have been enough to "make it go away."
> Physical dispersal of the plume might be enough to reduce it to below
> detectable, but I don't have a good feel for that.
>
> Doug Minnema, PhD, CHP
> US Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: radsafe-bounces at health.phys.iit.edu
> [mailto:radsafe-bounces at health.phys.iit.edu] On Behalf Of Cary Renquist
> Sent: Friday, December 14, 2012 1:54 PM
> To: The International Radiation Protection (Health Physics)
> MailingList
> Subject: Re: [ RadSafe ] Radioactive contamination unearthed at
> formerrocket test site near Los Angeles - U.S. News
>
> Here is the EPA's Fact Sheet on the study results:
> EPA Radiological Characterization Study Results http://j.mp/12dBJrt
>
> It lists some of the specific results in a table.
> e.g.
> Am-241: 3 positive in the 0.05-0.06 pCi/g range
> Cs-137: 291 positive in the 0.2-200 pCi/g range
> Pu239/240: 14 pos in the 0.02-0.19 pCi/g range
> Sr90: 153 pos in the 0.08-21 pCi/g range Etc.
>
> ---
> Cary Renquist
> cary.renquist at ezag.com
>
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: radsafe-bounces at health.phys.iit.edu
> [mailto:radsafe-bounces at health.phys.iit.edu] On Behalf Of Cary Renquist
> Sent: Friday, 14 December 2012 10:35 AM
> To: The International Radiation Protection (Health Physics)
> MailingList
> Subject: Re: [ RadSafe ] Radioactive contamination unearthed at
> formerrocket test site near Los Angeles - U.S. News
>
>
> U.S. EPA's Final Technical Memorandum Look-Up Table Recommendations
> This is a link to a pdf that seems to have the background threshold
> values for the nuclides of interest (Table 2 of attachment 1).
> http://j.mp/QYILg4
>
>
> Pursuant to an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of
> Energy
> (DOE) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the USEPA has
> conducted a Radiological Background Study to determine the background
> levels for radionuclides in surface and subsurface soils associated
> with Area IV and the Northern Buffer Zone (Area IV Study Area1) of the
> Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL), located in Ventura County,
> California. In addition, the USEPA is currently conducting a
> radiological characterization of the Area IV Study Area to identify
> areas that exhibit radionuclide concentrations in surface and subsurface
> soil and sediment above background levels (herein, "soil" shall mean
> surface and subsurface soil as well as surface and subsurface sediment
> unless otherwise specified).
>
>
> I didn't see a doc that has the presented results of the soil samples,
> however, this article at least has some details:
> Latest soil tests at Santa Susana Field Lab site shows radioactive
> material remains - LA Daily News http://j.mp/TSusGW
>
> The EPA researchers collected 3,735 samples of mostly surface soil and
> found that of those, 500 contained concentrations of radioactive
> materials that exceeded what is known as background standards - or the
> levels occurring naturally in the environment. Almost all were man-made
> radionuclides. Most of those samples contained Cesium-137, and of those
> one sample reached levels up to
> 1,000 times above background standard. There were 153 samples of
> Stronium-90 and of those some hits reached levels that were 284 times
> higher than background.
>
> Both radioactive elements are considered dangerous to human health when
> present at high levels.
>
> "There were some hits that were elevated but for the most part, they
> were in the range that we expected," said John Jones, federal project
> director with the Department of Energy.
>
>
> Cary
>
> ---
> Cary Renquist
> cary.renquist at ezag.com
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: radsafe-bounces at health.phys.iit.edu
> [mailto:radsafe-bounces at health.phys.iit.edu] On Behalf Of Robert J
> Gunter
> Sent: Friday, 14 December 2012 6:38 AM
> To: 'Robert Atkinson'; 'The International Radiation Protection (Health
> Physics)Mailing List'
> Subject: Re: [ RadSafe ] Radioactive contamination unearthed atformer
> rocket test site near Los Angeles - U.S. News
>
> Not a very informative statement: "10 percent contained radioactive
> concentrations exceeding background levels."
>
> This could easily be fill from another location or different aggregate
> based on this statement alone. Is it NORM or Cs-137?
>
> Robert J. Gunter, MSc, CHP
> CHP Consultants/CHP Dosimetry
> www.chpconsultants.com
> www.chpdosimetry.com
> Toll Free: (888) 766-4833
> Fax: (866) 491-9913
> Cel: (865) 387-0028
> rjgunter at chpconsultants.com
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: Steven Dapra <sjd at swcp.com>
> To: The International Radiation Protection (Health Physics) Mailing
> List <radsafe at agni.phys.iit.edu>
> Sent: Friday, 14 December 2012, 2:53
> Subject: Re: [ RadSafe ] Radioactive contamination unearthed at former
> rocket test site near Los Angeles - U.S. News
>
> Dec. 13
>
> From the NBC article:
>
> "Technicians collected 3,735 soil samples from a corner of the
> 2,850-acre hilltop lab where most of the testing was done. Of those,
> they found about
> 10 percent contained radioactive concentrations exceeding background
> levels."
>
> Yep. Time to panic. No doubt about it.
>
> Steven Dapra
>
>
> At 01:14 PM 12/13/2012, you wrote:
>>http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/13/15878279-radioactive-contami
>>nation-unearthed-at-former-rocket-test-site-near-los-angeles
>>s
>
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