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radsafe-digest V1 #25
radsafe-digest Wednesday, April 4 2001 Volume 01 : Number 025
In this issue:
Re: the public's perception about Radiat ion
RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
France overturns ruling on Australian n-waste
RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
RE: Solar activity dose to ISS astronaut
Exempt quantities of accelerator-produced radionuclides
Standard Man Reference
RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
Re: Standard Man Reference
The Winner!! and another quiz. Quiz: Why 207 Uzbek workers leave for N. Korea ?
The Winner!! and another quiz. Quiz: Why 207 Uzbek workers leave for N. Korea ?
(Another question )RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
Thorium in urine
RE: Solar activity dose to ISS astronaut
RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Tue, 03 Apr 2001 09:41:11 -0400
From: "Zack Clayton" <zack.clayton@EPA.STATE.OH.US>
Subject: Re: the public's perception about Radiat ion
Ruth, if you think perception is anything new, think about the folk adage,
"Don't bend over to tie your shoelace in your neighbor's melon patch." And all the countless variants that warn against giving the wrong idea about something.
Perception counts and is not always rational. You can't argue effectively against an irrational perception with logic or fact. The perception must come up against a real choice that causes re-evaluation of the idea or belief. An example of this re-evaluation is coming to California this summer in the form of "Roasting in the Dark vs. new power plants"
Zack Clayton
Ohio EPA - DERR
email: zack.clayton@epa.state.oh.us
voice: 614-644-3066
fax: 614-460-8249
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 03 Apr 2001 07:41:47 -0700
From: Joel Baumbaugh <baumbaug@NOSC.MIL>
Subject: RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
Radsafers,
I think that we have two different "perspectives" here. Some of us are
looking at "contamination" in an analytical sense - i.e. how much
contamination is actually there and how do we determine/quantify that
amount. Others of us are looking at how much contamination is "removable"
- - i.e. how much will be transferred from the surface to the person or thing
that comes into contact with it.
When, at my work, I do a survey (not wiping a sealed source/package for
removable contamination but of a "work-surface" in a laboratory), I am
initially looking for "removable" contamination. I'm looking for something
(anything) which will leave the surface and contaminate something else. My
initial swipes are typically in excess of 100 cm-2 because I'm "looking"
for "anything" that is radioactive. After (if or when) I find something,
"THEN" I go back and "quantify" what is there and whether there are other
aspects of the contamination I should worry about - IS it readily removable
(or even still there), is it an external hazard, should I let it decay in
place or remove it and HOW to remove it (if necessary), etc., etc. Well, I
don't want to write a book here, but I noticed that while everyone was
"correct" in what they were saying that it seemed that the group was
polarizing (with a couple of exceptions) and not really seeing each other's
sides....
Just my 2 cents (and my "own" personal opinion [NOT the U.S. Navy's]),
Joel Baumbaugh (baumbaug@nosc.mil)
SSC San Diego
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2001 07:16:10 -0700
From: "Sandy Perle" <sandyfl@EARTHLINK.NET>
Subject: France overturns ruling on Australian n-waste
Index:
France overturns ruling on Australian n-waste
Kashiwazaki mayor seeks Fukushima's explanation of MOX use
Japan's nuke accident operater settles lawsuits
Japan nuclear body says inflated budget request
Nuclear body defrauded gov't by padding workforce
Energy Department Reviews Uranium
=================================
France overturns ruling on Australian n-waste
PARIS, April 3 (Reuters) - France's state-owned nuclear reprocessing
company Cogema said it would start unloading a cargo of spent fuel
rods from Australia on Tuesday after winning an appeal against an
injunction.
A court of appeal in the Normandy town of Caen overturned the
injunction, which the environmental group Greenpeace had obtained
from a lower court on March 15, a Cogema statement said.
The injunction had prevented Cogema from unloading and reprocessing
360 spent nuclear fuel rods at the port of Cherbourg from the
container ship Le Bouguenais.
"Unloading of the Bouguenais...will be carried out today. The spent
fuel rods will be transferred to the Cogema plant in La Hague for
reprocessing," Cogema said in the statement.
The injunction had placed in doubt the future of Australia's High
Flux Australian Reactor (HIFAR) at Lucas Heights in Sydney, run by
nuclear reactor operator Australian Nuclear Science and Technology
Organisation (ANSTO)
In Canberra, Australian Science and Resources Minister Nick Minchin
welcomed the Caen court's ruling.
"This decision will allow ANTSO to proceed with its policy of
sensibly managing fuel rods from the HIFAR reactor through
reprocessing in France," Minchin said in a statement.
Greenpeace had argued that Cogema did not have proper authorisation
to take the waste.
Cogema said the Caen court had rejected that argument and ruled that
the lower court had not been competent to judge the matter.
Greenpeace said it planned to return to court to try again to block
the reprocessing operation.
- ---------------
Kashiwazaki mayor seeks Fukushima's explanation of MOX use
NIIGATA, Japan, April 3 (Kyodo) - The mayor of Kashiwazaki in Niigata
Prefecture, which hosts a nuclear power plant operated by Tokyo
Electric Power Co. (TEPCO), demanded Tuesday that Fukushima
Prefecture explain its plan to reject the use of plutonium-uranium
mixed oxide (MOX) fuel at a TEPCO nuclear plant there.
Kashiwazaki Mayor Masazumi Saikawa said Fukushima Gov. Eisaku Sato
should provide a full explanation as soon as possible of his plan not
to allow the use of MOX fuel, as it could affect state nuclear
policy.
TEPCO's Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant was scheduled to become
the first nuclear plant to use MOX fuel in Japan in April. However,
Sato said in February that the northeastern Japan prefecture will not
allow MOX use at the plant for the time being on the grounds that
residents are against it.
Sato's rejection is also believed to be connected with TEPCO's
announcement in early February to freeze its plan to build new
reactors at a thermal power plant in the town of Hirono in the
prefecture, which would result in loss of tax revenues for the local
municipality.
MOX fuel has already been shipped to TEPCO's Kashiwazaki-Kariwa plant
on the Sea of Japan, but Niigata Prefecture is reluctant to host the
nation's first ''pluthermal'' process involving MOX fuel.
The process consists of using MOX fuel -- made by mixing uranium with
plutonium chemically extracted from spent nuclear fuel -- in a
thermal reactor.
''If Fukushima is calling for a major change (in nuclear policy)
without offering sufficient explanation, we will be in trouble,''
Saikawa said.
Saikawa also criticized Sato's plan of taking time to study a nuclear
fuel cycle policy.
The electric power industry plans to carry out the ''pluthermal''
project in 16 to 18 reactors by 2010. Originally, the project was
scheduled to be launched in 1999.
- -------------
Japan's nuke accident operater settles lawsuits
TOKYO, April 3 (Reuters) - The operator of Japan's worst nuclear
accident site said on Tuesday it had agreed to pay about 14.48
billion yen ($114.4 million) in compensation to settle around 7,000
lawsuits filed by residents, Kyodo News Agency said.
The world's second-worst accident since Chernobyl in 1986, occurred
in 1999 when three workers at a plant privately operated by JCO Co
Ltd set off an uncontrolled nuclear reaction which killed two of the
workers and seriously injured one.
At least 439 people in the Tokaimura area about 140 km (90 miles)
northeast of Tokyo were exposed to radiation.
The operator said it settled 98.9 percent of the cases filed against
them as of late last month and estimated that about 75 suits were
still unsettled, Kyodo said.
Last September, Tokaimura residents handed the government a petition
with 22,500 signatures seeking more compensation and support beyond
the initial 12.66 billion yen ($99.99 million) that JCO agreed to pay
to settle the cases from the accident.
- ---------------
Japan nuclear body says inflated budget request
TOKYO, April 3 (Reuters) - A nuclear plant operator funded by the
Japanese government said on Tuesday it had falsified payroll details
in a budget request for fiscal 1999/2000 to hike older workers'
salaries by a combined 1.19 billion yen ($9.4 million).
A spokesman for Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC) said
it had asked for funds to cover wages for a staff of 2,676 -- 139
more than were actually employed -- and had been allocated about 23
billion yen.
It should have received about 21.81 billion yen for wages.
The spokesman said the extra money was paid to JNC's older employees.
The institute will release a report on the matter after conducting an
internal investigation, he said.
Nobutaka Machimura, minister of education, culture, sports, science
and technology, told a news conference on Tuesday that he had asked
JNC to conduct an investigation as quickly as possible.
JNC's budget for the fiscal year ending in March 2000 totalled about
165.6 billion yen, of which about 125.7 billion yen was earmarked for
research and related expenses.
JNC was launched in 1998 after its predecessor -- the Power Reactor
and Nuclear Fuel Development Corp (PNC) -- came under fire for
mismanagement of its various nuclear facilities.
JNC has taken over many of PNC's nuclear research and development
projects, including the operation of a prototypical fast-breeder
reactor, Monju.
Located in Fukui prefecture, west of Tokyo, Monju has been closed
since December 1995, when it leaked a massive amount of sodium
coolant.
The local government is currently studying a request submitted by JNC
last December to be allowed to reopen the plant, the spokesman said.
Monju must also clear central government safety checks before it can
be reopened.
- --------------
Nuclear body defrauded gov't by padding workforce
MITO, Japan, April 3 (Kyodo) -
The governmental Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute claimed an
excessive amount of personnel expenses by padding the number of its
employees in a report to the government, foundation officials said
Tuesday.
The institute, a foundation of the Education, Sports, Science and
Technology Ministry, reported in fiscal 1999 that it had a workforce
of 2,676, 139 more than actual number of 2,537, and used the excess
money to increase the salary of each employee, the officials said,
confirming a report in the Asahi Shimbun the same day.
Based on the reported number of officials, the institute was
allocated 23 billion yen for personnel expenses in fiscal 1999, and
on average about 500,000 yen extra was paid to each of its employees,
the officials said, adding that the institute is doing the same this
year.
The press office of the institute, based in the village of Tokaimura,
Ibaraki Prefecture, northeast of Tokyo, said the foundation's salary
fund would run short if it reported the actual number of employees to
the government.
It said the government calculation of salary allotments for
foundations is based solely on the number of employees, and the
institute, which has many older officials, would not have enough
financial resources to pay their salaries.
The press office said the institute will investigate the details of
the case.
Commenting on the scandal, Education, Sports, Science and Technology
Minister Nobutaka Machimura told a press conference that budgetary
management and the quota of employees are within the discretion of
the institute.
''I have ordered ministry officials to carry out an inspection and
report the results within two weeks,'' he said.
The Asahi Shimbun said the institute has kept dual account books and
pooled illicitly obtained funds for the past 20 years.
The newspaper said the foundation pooled at least 25.4 billion yen
under the heading ''adjustment expenses'' in the past five years.
Part of the money was paid to the foundation's officials, effectively
padding their salaries, the daily said.
According to the Asahi, the foundation's budget covers an operating
division, which deals with the development of the prototype fast-
breeder reactor Monju in Tsuruga, Fukui Prefecture, and a clerical
division.
In the institute's fiscal 2000 budget, 125.7 billion yen was
allocated to the operating division and 39.9 billion yen to the
clerical division, the newspaper said. The government finances the
institute's budget and any flow of money between the two divisions is
prohibited.
But the institute saved 5% of each of several classified expenditures
in the operating division's budget as ''in-house adjustment
expenses,'' the Asahi said, quoting sources close to the case.
The daily said the institute made a secret budget-implementation
document in addition to the official budgetary document submitted to
the government.
Of the institute's fiscal 1999 budget, 850 million yen went to
personnel costs, the daily said. The institute received from the
government 23 billion yen for personnel costs for the falsely claimed
2,676 employees in the clerical division.
But the 23 billion yen was in fact shared among the 2,537 actual
employees, thereby boosting each worker's salary. The institute then
diverted money from the operating division to pay the salaries of
some officials not covered by the personnel funds of the clerical
division, the Asahi said.
The institute began the manipulations more than 20 years ago,
according to the daily.
- --------------
Energy Department Reviews Uranium
WASHINGTON (AP) Mar 30 - The Energy Department says it could take two
more years to determine how much recycled uranium - which contains
traces of plutonium and other radioactive materials - passed through
its nuclear facilities.
The agency released a preliminary review Thursday analyzing the flow
of recycled uranium throughout the DOE sites between 1952 and 1999.
The agency was unable to complete a final analysis due to
``significant inconsistency and inherent uncertainty'' in the data it
gathered from 12 facilities at nine sites.
The investigation began in 1999, prompted by concerns that workers
were unknowingly exposed to high levels of radiation at uranium
enrichment plants in Paducah, Ky.; Piketon, Ohio; and Oak Ridge,
Tenn.
The Energy Department used uranium in nuclear weapons and as fuel for
reactors. The agency began recycling it in the early 1950s to reduce
U.S. dependence on foreign uranium. The report said most Energy
Department facilities stopped using recycled uranium in the late
1960s.
Recycled uranium is more harmful than mined uranium because it has
been processed in a reactor, where it becomes contaminated with
plutonium and neptunium.
Pete Dessaules, a team leader in DOE's Office of Plutonium, Uranium
and Special Materials Inventory, said an overall assessment of the 12
facilities will help determine exactly how much recycled uranium was
used over the years and how much may still be stored around the
country.
However, the task is proving more difficult than expected, Dessaules
said.
``The biggest challenge in completing the report is standardizing the
definitions that were used in the site reports for recycled
uranium,'' he said. ``That may involve looking at millions of
records.''
According to DOE, recycled uranium was present at the following
locations: Hanford, Wash.; Savannah River, S.C.; Idaho National
Engineering and Environmental Lab, Idaho; Fernald, Ohio; West Valley,
N.Y.; Weldon Springs, Mo.; RMI Inc., Ohio; the gaseous diffusion
plants in Paducah, Piketon and Oak Ridge; the Y-12 Plant in Oak
Ridge; and Rocky Flats, Colo.
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sandy Perle Tel:(714) 545-0100 / (800) 548-5100
Director, Technical Extension 2306
ICN Worldwide Dosimetry Service Fax:(714) 668-3149
ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc. E-Mail: sandyfl@earthlink.net
ICN Plaza, 3300 Hyland Avenue E-Mail: sperle@icnpharm.com
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
Personal Website: http://sandyfl.nukeworker.net
ICN Worldwide Dosimetry Website: http://www.dosimetry.com
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2001 12:40:43 -0500
From: glen.vickers@EXELONCORP.COM
Subject: RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
Question: If you wipe a large area of a package in excess of 100 cm^2
without paying attention to the total area wiped, then how do you know if
the shipper was in violation of contamination limits if you find anything?
glen.vickers@exeloncorp.com
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Joel Baumbaugh [SMTP:baumbaug@NOSC.MIL]
> Sent: Tuesday, April 03, 2001 9:42 AM
> To: Andrew Lombardo; radsafe@list.vanderbilt.edu
> Subject: RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
>
> Radsafers,
>
> I think that we have two different "perspectives" here. Some of us
> are
> looking at "contamination" in an analytical sense - i.e. how much
> contamination is actually there and how do we determine/quantify that
> amount. Others of us are looking at how much contamination is "removable"
>
> - i.e. how much will be transferred from the surface to the person or
> thing
> that comes into contact with it.
>
> When, at my work, I do a survey (not wiping a sealed source/package
> for
> removable contamination but of a "work-surface" in a laboratory), I am
> initially looking for "removable" contamination. I'm looking for
> something
> (anything) which will leave the surface and contaminate something else.
> My
> initial swipes are typically in excess of 100 cm-2 because I'm "looking"
> for "anything" that is radioactive. After (if or when) I find something,
> "THEN" I go back and "quantify" what is there and whether there are other
> aspects of the contamination I should worry about - IS it readily
> removable
> (or even still there), is it an external hazard, should I let it decay in
> place or remove it and HOW to remove it (if necessary), etc., etc. Well,
> I
> don't want to write a book here, but I noticed that while everyone was
> "correct" in what they were saying that it seemed that the group was
> polarizing (with a couple of exceptions) and not really seeing each
> other's
> sides....
>
> Just my 2 cents (and my "own" personal opinion [NOT the U.S.
> Navy's]),
>
>
> Joel Baumbaugh (baumbaug@nosc.mil)
> SSC San Diego
>
> ************************************************************************
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2001 13:48:59 -0400
From: "Franta, Jaroslav" <frantaj@AECL.CA>
Subject: RE: Solar activity dose to ISS astronaut
This message is in MIME format. Since your mail reader does not understand
this format, some or all of this message may not be legible.
- ------_=_NextPart_001_01C0BC66.5C9E2CD0
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="iso-8859-1"
Dear Steve & Radsafers,
I forwarded your question to NASA's Larry Kellogg, who kindly provided this
bit of information :
From: Larry Kellogg [ mailto:lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov
<mailto:lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov> ]
Sent: Tuesday April 03, 2001 12:05 PM
To: Franta, Jaroslav
Cc: lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov
Subject: Fwd: SOHO records a giant flare on the Sun
>From: sciweb@estec.esa.nl
>Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2001 12:14:23 +0100 (WET DST)
>To: lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov
>Subject: SOHO records a giant flare on the Sun
>
>
>Last night at 23:51 Central European Time (21:51 UT, 2 April) the Sun
>unleashed a major solar flare near its northwestern (upper right-hand) side
>and the event was well observed by the ESA-NASA SOHO spacecraft. It
> was classified as an X17 flare, probably the strongest flare since 16
>August 1989 when an X20 flare occurred. It was slightly more powerful than
> the famous 6 March 1989 flare which was related to the disruption of the
>power grids in Canada. The latest event hurled a coronal mass ejection
>into space - but apparently not towards the Earth, so the impacts will
>probably be less severe.
>
>More at: http://sci.esa.int/content/news/index.cfm?aid=1
<http://sci.esa.int/content/news/index.cfm?aid=1&cid=1&oid=26703>
&cid=1&oid=26703
>--------------------------------------------------------------------------
>To unsubscribe from the European Space Agency Science website mailing list,
>please visit this web page:
> http://sci.esa.int/subscribe.cfm <http://sci.esa.int/subscribe.cfm>
- --
Larry R. Kellogg
lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov
http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov <http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov>
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Larry also noted that,
SpaceWeather has some more info on this flare and I forwarded you that
e-mail.
http://www.spaceweather.com <http://www.spaceweather.com>
Will see if I can find a live person ( http://www.google.com
<http://www.google.com> has been
good for cut and paste, but that is from things already posted on the
web )
The astronauts are supposed to be getting/have some dosimeters and
Ames put out awhile back how they were contributing to that effort.
Maybe I can find someone here in the know.
If you hear something before I do, please let me know. I have a
question about the Van Allen radiation belts and this fits in. (also
the history of Dr. Van Allen's instruments going to the moon fits
with lunar exploration even though it is Earth science - trying to
stay lunar focused - :-)
Larry
<><><><><><><><><><><><><>
.....so if you have had some other answers on this, Steve, please forward
them to us as well.
Thanks.
Jaro
- -----Original Message-----
From: Frey, Steven R. [ mailto:sfreyohp@SLAC.STANFORD.EDU
<mailto:sfreyohp@SLAC.STANFORD.EDU> ]
Sent: Monday April 02, 2001 3:14 PM
To: RADSAFE (E-mail)
Subject: Solar activity dose to ISS astronaut
Fellow Radsafers -
What was the dose a crewmember aboard the
International Space Station (ISS) likely received from
last week's sunspot/solar flare event? Curious here.
Thanks in advance for any response.
Steve
***********************************************************************
Steven R. Frey,
Radiological Control Manager
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)
Room 266, Building 24, Mail Stop 84
2575 Sand Hill Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Phone: (650) 926-3839
email address: sfreyohp@SLAC.Stanford.EDU
Any opinion expressed here is the opinion of the writer
alone and is not meant to speak on behalf of SLAC
***********************************************************************
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<P><FONT color=3D#0000ff>Dear Steve & Radsafers,<BR><BR>I forwarded =
your=20
question to NASA's Larry Kellogg, who kindly provided this bit of =
information=20
:<BR><BR></FONT>From: Larry Kellogg [<A=20
href=3D"mailto:lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov";>mailto:lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa=
.gov</A>]<BR>Sent:=20
Tuesday April 03, 2001 12:05 PM<BR>To: Franta, Jaroslav<BR>Cc:=20
lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov<BR>Subject: Fwd: SOHO records a giant flare =
on the=20
Sun<BR><BR>>From: sciweb@estec.esa.nl<BR>>Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2001 =
12:14:23=20
+0100 (WET DST)<BR>>To: lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov<BR>>Subject: =
SOHO=20
records a giant flare on the Sun<BR>><BR>><BR>>Last night at =
23:51=20
Central European Time (21:51 UT, 2 April) the Sun<BR>>unleashed a =
major solar=20
flare near its northwestern (upper right-hand) side<BR>>and the =
event was=20
well observed by the ESA-NASA SOHO spacecraft. It<BR>> was =
classified=20
as an X17 flare, probably the strongest flare since 16<BR>>August =
1989 when=20
an X20 flare occurred. It was slightly more powerful than<BR>> =
the=20
famous 6 March 1989 flare which was related to the disruption of=20
the<BR>>power grids in Canada<FONT color=3D#ff0000><STRONG>. The =
latest event=20
hurled a coronal mass ejection<BR>>into space - but apparently not =
towards=20
the Earth, so the impacts will<BR>>probably be less=20
severe.<BR></STRONG></FONT>><BR>>More at: <A=20
href=3D"http://sci.esa.int/content/news/index.cfm?aid=3D1&cid=3D1&am=
p;oid=3D26703"=20
target=3D_blank>http://sci.esa.int/content/news/index.cfm?aid=3D1&ci=
d=3D1&oid=3D26703</A><BR>>---------------------------------------=
- -----------------------------------<BR>>To=20
unsubscribe from the European Space Agency Science website mailing=20
list,<BR>>please visit this web page:<BR>> <A=20
href=3D"http://sci.esa.int/subscribe.cfm"=20
target=3D_blank>http://sci.esa.int/subscribe.cfm</A><BR><BR>--<BR>Larry =
R.=20
Kellogg<BR>lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov<BR><A =
href=3D"http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov"=20
target=3D_blank>http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov</A><BR><BR><FONT=20
color=3D#0000ff><><><><><><><>=
<><><><><><><><><>=
<><BR><BR>Larry=20
also noted that,<BR><BR></FONT>SpaceWeather has some more info on this =
flare and=20
I forwarded you that e-mail.<BR><A href=3D"http://www.spaceweather.com"; =
target=3D_blank>http://www.spaceweather.com</A><BR><BR>Will see if I =
can find a=20
live person ( <A href=3D"http://www.google.com"=20
target=3D_blank>http://www.google.com</A> has been<BR>good for cut and =
paste, but=20
that is from things already posted on the<BR>web )<BR><BR>The =
astronauts are=20
supposed to be getting/have some dosimeters and<BR>Ames put out awhile =
back how=20
they were contributing to that effort.<BR>Maybe I can find someone here =
in the=20
know.<BR><BR>If you hear something before I do, please let me =
know. I have=20
a<BR>question about the Van Allen radiation belts and this fits =
in. =20
(also<BR>the history of Dr. Van Allen's instruments going to the moon=20
fits<BR>with lunar exploration even though it is Earth science - trying =
to<BR>stay lunar focused - :-)<BR><BR>Larry<BR><FONT=20
color=3D#0000ff><><><><><><><>=
<><><><><><><BR><BR>.....so=20
if you have had some other answers on this, Steve, please forward them =
to us as=20
well.<BR><BR>Thanks.<BR><BR>Jaro<BR><BR><BR></FONT>-----Original=20
Message-----<BR>From: Frey, Steven R. [<A=20
href=3D"mailto:sfreyohp@SLAC.STANFORD.EDU";>mailto:sfreyohp@SLAC.STANFORD=
.EDU</A>]<BR>Sent:=20
Monday April 02, 2001 3:14 PM<BR>To: RADSAFE (E-mail)<BR>Subject: Solar =
activity=20
dose to ISS astronaut<BR><BR>Fellow Radsafers -<BR><BR>What was the =
dose a=20
crewmember aboard the<BR>International Space Station (ISS) likely =
received=20
from<BR>last week's sunspot/solar flare event? Curious =
here.<BR><BR>Thanks in=20
advance for any=20
response.<BR><BR>Steve<BR>**********************************************=
*************************<BR>Steven=20
R. Frey,<BR>Radiological Control Manager<BR>Stanford Linear Accelerator =
Center=20
(SLAC)<BR>Room 266, Building 24, Mail Stop 84<BR>2575 Sand Hill =
Road<BR>Menlo=20
Park, CA 94025<BR>Phone: (650) 926-3839<BR>email address:=20
sfreyohp@SLAC.Stanford.EDU<BR><BR>Any opinion expressed here is the =
opinion of=20
the writer<BR>alone and is not meant to speak on behalf of=20
SLAC<BR>****************************************************************=
*******<BR></P></BODY></HTML>
- ------_=_NextPart_001_01C0BC66.5C9E2CD0--
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2001 11:51:54 -0700
From: Tom Morgan <tmorgan@ISOTOPEPRODUCTS.COM>
Subject: Exempt quantities of accelerator-produced radionuclides
Can someone direct me to a list of exempt quantities of accelerator-produced
radionuclides?
Thomas L. Morgan, Ph.D.
Director, Health Physics
Radiation Safety Officer
Isotope Products Laboratories
24937 Avenue Tibbitts
Santa Clarita, CA 91355
661-257-8300 x215
818-558-4087 (fax)
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 03 Apr 2001 15:39:00 -0500
From: "Perrero, Daren" <Perrero@IDNS.STATE.IL.US>
Subject: Standard Man Reference
I am looking for a particular value and quite frankly I'm stumped as to
where I might be able to find it. I need to know the average value of the
tissue thickness from the surface of the heart to the outer chest wall. I
thought maybe it would be located in an ANSI standard when describing a
phantom but that's only a guess.
Any help that the list can provide is appreciated.
All messages sent from this email account, regardless of their content, are
purely a personal remark/query and in no way reflect any official standing
of the IDNS.
The thoughts expressed are mine, mine, all mine!
I'm with the government, I'm here to help........
Daren Perrero, Health Physicist
perrero@idns.state.il.us
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2001 14:21:45 -0700
From: David_S_Hyder@RL.GOV
Subject: RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
Glen,
I think you already know the answer to your question below, the answer is
no. If you don't know the area surveyed, how could you quantify an activity
per unit area? However, if you read the post that you replied to, Joel
wasn't talking about a package, he was talking about general surveys in the
work area. He was referring to a technique call a large area wipe (LAW)
which is frequently used (at least in the DoE world) to find contamination
in the work area. Then you go back and quantify the amount of contamination
after you find it with the large area wipe.
To further add to this thread, a survey for "removable" contamination should
be done to approximate the amount of contamination that will be removed
based on the use of the area. Usually this involves a dry smear or swipe
(filter paper) to approximate routine transfer to an individual. However,
if heavy work (or even decontamination) is to be performed in an area, I've
seen surveys for removable contamination performed with wet canvas and even
scotch-bright or steel wool pads. Again, I emphasize that the intent is to
approximate the transfer of contamination from the surface to the worker and
his (or her) equipment based on the activity being performed. And yes, you
have to know the area of the smear or swipe.
If you want to know the total amount of contamination on the surface,
perform a direct survey, not a smear / swipe. That's why (again in the DoE
world) we have limits for "total" and "removable" contamination.
Sorry for stepping on the "soap box", I'll quit now.
David Hyder, CHP
(509) 373-9652
David_S_Hyder@rl.gov
Hanford's Facility Evaluation Board
- -----Original Message-----
From: glen.vickers@EXELONCORP.COM [mailto:glen.vickers@EXELONCORP.COM]
Sent: Tuesday, April 03, 2001 10:41 AM
To: baumbaug@NOSC.MIL; alombardo@EARTHSCIENCES.NET;
radsafe@list.vanderbilt.edu
Subject: RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
Question: If you wipe a large area of a package in excess of 100 cm^2
without paying attention to the total area wiped, then how do you know if
the shipper was in violation of contamination limits if you find anything?
glen.vickers@exeloncorp.com
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Joel Baumbaugh [SMTP:baumbaug@NOSC.MIL]
> Sent: Tuesday, April 03, 2001 9:42 AM
> To: Andrew Lombardo; radsafe@list.vanderbilt.edu
> Subject: RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
>
> Radsafers,
>
> I think that we have two different "perspectives" here. Some of us
> are
> looking at "contamination" in an analytical sense - i.e. how much
> contamination is actually there and how do we determine/quantify that
> amount. Others of us are looking at how much contamination is "removable"
>
> - i.e. how much will be transferred from the surface to the person or
> thing
> that comes into contact with it.
>
> When, at my work, I do a survey (not wiping a sealed source/package
> for
> removable contamination but of a "work-surface" in a laboratory), I am
> initially looking for "removable" contamination. I'm looking for
> something
> (anything) which will leave the surface and contaminate something else.
> My
> initial swipes are typically in excess of 100 cm-2 because I'm "looking"
> for "anything" that is radioactive. After (if or when) I find something,
> "THEN" I go back and "quantify" what is there and whether there are other
> aspects of the contamination I should worry about - IS it readily
> removable
> (or even still there), is it an external hazard, should I let it decay in
> place or remove it and HOW to remove it (if necessary), etc., etc. Well,
> I
> don't want to write a book here, but I noticed that while everyone was
> "correct" in what they were saying that it seemed that the group was
> polarizing (with a couple of exceptions) and not really seeing each
> other's
> sides....
>
> Just my 2 cents (and my "own" personal opinion [NOT the U.S.
> Navy's]),
>
>
> Joel Baumbaugh (baumbaug@nosc.mil)
> SSC San Diego
>
> ************************************************************************
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*****
This E-mail and any of its attachments may contain Exelon Corp. proprietary
information, which is privileged, confidential, or subject to copyright
belonging to the Exelon Corp. family of Companies. This E-mail is intended
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2001 17:05:45 -0700
From: "John R Johnson" <idias@INTERCHANGE.UBC.CA>
Subject: Re: Standard Man Reference
Daren
I'm not sure if what you need is in ICRP Publication 23. There are several
pages in in the Anatomical Values for Reference Man (with references to the
original literature). I have always found a useful reference.
John (R Johnson)
IDIAS, Inc.
4535 West 9th Avenue
V6R 2E2
Vancouver B. C.
(604) 222-9840
e:mail: idias@interchange.ubc.ca
or most mornings
Safety Group
Stores (Safety Annex)
TRIUMF
4004 Wesbrook Mall
(604) 222-1047 ext 6610
Fax. (604) 222-7309
email: johnsjr@triumf.ca
- ----- Original Message -----
From: Perrero, Daren <Perrero@IDNS.STATE.IL.US>
To: 'RADSAFE' <radsafe@list.vanderbilt.edu>
Sent: Tuesday, April 03, 2001 1:39 PM
Subject: Standard Man Reference
> I am looking for a particular value and quite frankly I'm stumped as to
> where I might be able to find it. I need to know the average value of the
> tissue thickness from the surface of the heart to the outer chest wall. I
> thought maybe it would be located in an ANSI standard when describing a
> phantom but that's only a guess.
>
> Any help that the list can provide is appreciated.
>
> All messages sent from this email account, regardless of their content,
are
> purely a personal remark/query and in no way reflect any official standing
> of the IDNS.
>
> The thoughts expressed are mine, mine, all mine!
> I'm with the government, I'm here to help........
> Daren Perrero, Health Physicist
> perrero@idns.state.il.us
>
> ************************************************************************
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> send an e-mail to Majordomo@list.vanderbilt.edu Put the text "unsubscribe
> radsafe" (no quote marks) in the body of the e-mail, with no subject line.
>
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2001 19:06:11 -0700 (PDT)
From: Emil Murat <kerrembaev@YAHOO.COM>
Subject: The Winner!! and another quiz. Quiz: Why 207 Uzbek workers leave for N. Korea ?
Greetings,
We have a winner!
Here is a winner, who gave a correct answer to the
previouse weekend quiz.
The winner is Robert A. Scott.
Congratulations Bob!
Your answer was accepted as a correct one because you
gave a correct idea about the PROCESS outcome.
You are absolutely correct, they are not going to
build the electricity producing reactor power plants
(EPRPP).
1.1 There is many factors why IT "will not happen BUT
will happen something else"
or
1.2 IT "cannot happen" on the first place.
1.3 What can different happen?
1.4 Well, this is a question for another quiz.
Bob,
You have answered as "will not happen" because they
are going to a warmer climate to have some leisure
time.
We y'all health physics field professionals know,
there are many ways to answer the question.
Right?
I had in mind more technical answer and it is from the
categories "Cannot happen"
Uzbekistan, its self never had an EPRPP, so how can it
HELP to build one? If it never has build one?
Logically?
Back to the subject,
The winner of course as always will get something for
free. Bob, email to me your post office coordinats and
the prize will be shipped to you within a week.
Thank you Bob and again, congratulations!
A nice and safe day for Bob and his family.
Nice and safe week fellas.
Emil.
You wrote:
- --- Robert A Scott <bobscottchp@juno.com> wrote:
>The answer to the question below is g. none of
> the above. The Uzbeks
> had experienced a cold winter, and they heard that
> there was a thaw in
> North Korea, so they asked to be sent there to warm
> up.
>
_______________________________________
> >
> > Here is the weekend quiz.
> >
> >
>
- -------------------------------------------------------
> >
> > Question: Why 207 Uzbek workers leave for N.
> Korea?
> >
> > g. Non of the above.
> >
> > i. All of the above.
> >
>
- -------------------------------------------------------
> >
__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail.
http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/
************************************************************************
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2001 19:06:11 -0700 (PDT)
From: Emil Murat <kerrembaev@YAHOO.COM>
Subject: The Winner!! and another quiz. Quiz: Why 207 Uzbek workers leave for N. Korea ?
Greetings,
We have a winner!
Here is a winner, who gave a correct answer to the
previouse weekend quiz.
The winner is Robert A. Scott.
Congratulations Bob!
Your answer was accepted as a correct one because you
gave a correct idea about the PROCESS outcome.
You are absolutely correct, they are not going to
build the electricity producing reactor power plants
(EPRPP).
1.1 There is many factors why IT "will not happen BUT
will happen something else"
or
1.2 IT "cannot happen" on the first place.
1.3 What can different happen?
1.4 Well, this is a question for another quiz.
Bob,
You have answered as "will not happen" because they
are going to a warmer climate to have some leisure
time.
We y'all health physics field professionals know,
there are many ways to answer the question.
Right?
I had in mind more technical answer and it is from the
categories "Cannot happen"
Uzbekistan, its self never had an EPRPP, so how can it
HELP to build one? If it never has build one?
Logically?
Back to the subject,
The winner of course as always will get something for
free. Bob, email to me your post office coordinats and
the prize will be shipped to you within a week.
Thank you Bob and again, congratulations!
A nice and safe day for Bob and his family.
Nice and safe week fellas.
Emil.
You wrote:
- --- Robert A Scott <bobscottchp@juno.com> wrote:
>The answer to the question below is g. none of
> the above. The Uzbeks
> had experienced a cold winter, and they heard that
> there was a thaw in
> North Korea, so they asked to be sent there to warm
> up.
>
_______________________________________
> >
> > Here is the weekend quiz.
> >
> >
>
- -------------------------------------------------------
> >
> > Question: Why 207 Uzbek workers leave for N.
> Korea?
> >
> > g. Non of the above.
> >
> > i. All of the above.
> >
>
- -------------------------------------------------------
> >
__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail.
http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/
************************************************************************
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------------------------------
Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2001 19:40:39 -0700 (PDT)
From: Emil Murat <kerrembaev@YAHOO.COM>
Subject: (Another question )RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
Greetings,
The question:
Is a loose contamination, is a smearable?
1.1 I had an impression that smear refers to
"smearable"
contamination i.e. what can get onto smear.
So it is irrelevant if all of it gets onto smear or
only 10% of it.
2. It is of course under certain conditions that
properties of the surface will not change and to use
"moderate"??? pressure, while smearing.
2.1 If the surface conditions are expected to be
changed, use your judgment!
3. In the end, the NRC (10CFR20) does not go into the
definition of what contamination is, it rather
regulates licensee controls of radioactive material as
a potential dose contributor.
3.1 So it is up to you how to insure what IS, IS means
or how to keep it ALARA and within the applicable
limits.
Regards,
Emil.
- ----------------------------------------------
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>
>>
>
From: "Stokes, James" <StokesJ@TTNUS.COM>
Subject: RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
I ain't no expert, but let's take off our shoes for a
minute and consider
this:
Can anyone estimate the amount of water in the ocean
by smearing the
shoreline? I don't think so. Collection efficiency
factors are based on
assumptions, as ALL other estimes are. There will
always be a point at
which any survey technique is not appropriate for the
circumstances. Each
type of surface, contaminate, quantity and collection
media, will have their
own "rules of thumb". The US Navy adopted a system
that worked well for
them, under the "normal" conditions of surface
contamination. There were
certain jobs that I performed, where it was identified
that those
established techniques, did not accurately represent
what was actually
there. Other techniques were used in those
circumstances.
In example. Smears of porous materials will unders
estimate the CURRENT
level of loose surface contamination. But more
importantly, if this surface
is subject to mechanical vibration, what was fixed at
the time of survey,
will become, and contribute to the loose component
later.
Food for the gray matter to consider.
- - -----Original Message-----
From: tom_dixie
To: Redmond, Randy R. (RXQ) ;
radsafe@list.vanderbilt.edu
Cc: 'William R Horne/HRW/CC01/INEEL/US'; 'Scott
Davidson'; 'Lavera, Ron'
Sent: 3/30/01 5:26 PM
Subject: Re: Smear Collection Efficiency
Randy,
Nice work, now that you have a basis (or perceived
basis) for collection
efficiency for activity on smears maybe something will
be done with
that.
The 'rule of thumb' that you have identified is an
unused rule.
For example, if it was used, a smear that collected an
activity of say
20,000 dpm would indicate a surface activity of
20,000/.1 or 200,000 dpm
over the area that the smear was rubbed. However, it
is recorded as
20,000
dpm over that area (usually 100 square cm).
10% is also what the Navy used when I first qualified
as a rad tech.
However, the 'loose surface activity' was never
determined using this
factor. It is real and should be used, any idea why
it isn't?
There was also some indication (back in the early
70's) that for larger
areas the smear would be less effective in collection
and for some
surfaces,
like concrete, the smear (paper) would disintegrate.
Or in some cases
would
become a medium for transfer of activity to clean
areas from
contaminated.
There are many caveats to the use of this collection
efficiency. The
smear
must remain whole, the pressure over the smear surface
must be uniform,
the
surface activity must be reasonably homogenious, etc.
It is obvious that smears do not collect 100% of the
activity on a
surface
(otherwise the surface would be clean) but the current
method of surface
activity determination simply leads people to believe
that surfaces are
cleaner than they are.
Tom O'Dou, CHP, RRPT
tom_dixie@msn.com
- - ----- Original Message -----
From: "Redmond, Randy R. (RXQ) " <RXQ@Y12.doe.gov>
To: <radsafe@list.vanderbilt.edu>
Cc: "'William R Horne/HRW/CC01/INEEL/US'"
<HRW@INEL.GOV>; "'Scott
Davidson'"
<bsdrp@YAHOO.COM>; "'Lavera, Ron'"
<RLavera@ENTERGY.COM>
Sent: Friday, March 30, 2001 12:19 PM
Subject: Smear Collection Efficiency
> Many thanks to those who responded to my inquiry.
10% for the smear
> collection efficiency appears to be the
"rule-of-thumb". Found a
report
> (RADSAFE Archives) with some actual
__________________________________________________
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Get email at your own domain with Yahoo! Mail.
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------------------------------
Date: Wed, 4 Apr 2001 00:34:34 EDT
From: BLHamrick@AOL.COM
Subject: Thorium in urine
- --part1_b0.12a0ad87.27fbfe5a_boundary
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Does anyone have a reference for an average (i.e., background value) of
thorium in human urine?
Thank you,
Barbara L. Hamrick
BLHamrick@aol.com
- --part1_b0.12a0ad87.27fbfe5a_boundary
Content-Type: text/html; charset="US-ASCII"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<HTML><FONT FACE=arial,helvetica><FONT SIZE=2>Does anyone have a reference for an average (i.e., background value) of
<BR>thorium in human urine?
<BR>
<BR>Thank you,
<BR>Barbara L. Hamrick
<BR>BLHamrick@aol.com</FONT></HTML>
- --part1_b0.12a0ad87.27fbfe5a_boundary--
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------------------------------
Date: Wed, 4 Apr 2001 08:09:25 -0400
From: "Franta, Jaroslav" <frantaj@AECL.CA>
Subject: RE: Solar activity dose to ISS astronaut
This message is in MIME format. Since your mail reader does not understand
this format, some or all of this message may not be legible.
- ------_=_NextPart_001_01C0BD00.17602340
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="iso-8859-1"
Dear Steve & Radsafers,
Some more info on this topic from Larry Kellogg at NASA (note especially the
highlighted section near the end -- do you buy that ?) :
From: Larry Kellogg [ <mailto:lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov>
mailto:lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov]
Sent: Tuesday April 03, 2001 4:42 PM
To: KMC739@aol.com; Franta, Jaroslav
Subject: Fwd: SUN UNLEASHES RECORD SUPERFLARE,EARTH DODGES SOLAR BULLET
FYI as this kind of activity is part of what fuels the Van Allen
radiation belt.
See the NOAA site for some definitions of intensity.
<http://www.sel.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/index.html>
http://www.sel.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/index.html
<http://www.sel.noaa.gov/index.html> http://www.sel.noaa.gov/index.html
<http://www.sel.noaa.gov/Data/> http://www.sel.noaa.gov/Data/
Larry
>X-Authentication-Warning: spinoza.public.hq.nasa.gov: majordom set
>sender to owner-press-release using -f
>Date: Tue, 3 Apr 2001 15:50:27 -0400 (EDT)
>From: NASANews@hq.nasa.gov
>Subject: SUN UNLEASHES RECORD SUPERFLARE,EARTH DODGES SOLAR BULLET
>Sender: owner-press-release@lists.hq.nasa.gov
>To: undisclosed-recipients:;
>
>Dolores Beasley
>Headquarters, Washington, DC April 3, 2001
>(Phone: 202/358-1753)
>
>Bill Steigerwald
>Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
>(Phone: 301/286-5017)
>
>RELEASE: 01-66
>
>SUN UNLEASHES RECORD SUPERFLARE,
>EARTH DODGES SOLAR BULLET
>
> The Sun blasted one of its largest flares in 25 years
>from the same region harboring the largest sunspot of the
>current solar cycle Monday evening.
>
>The region, designated active region 9393, has continued to
>rotate with the Sun and is no longer in line with the Earth,
>so most of the flare's energy was directed away from our
>planet. However, radiation from the flare temporarily
>disrupted radio communications, and flare-related events
>generated a storm of high-velocity particles that, in greater
>numbers and energies, can affect sensitive electronic
>equipment in space.
>
>"This explosion was estimated as an X-20 flare, and was as
>strong as the record X-20 flare on August 16, 1989, " said Dr.
>Paal Brekke, the European Space Agency Deputy Project
>Scientist for the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO),
>one of a fleet of spacecraft monitoring solar activity and its
>effects on the Earth. "It was more powerful that the famous
>March 6, 1989 flare which was related to the disruption of the
>power grids in Canada."
>
>Monday's flare and the August 1989 flare are the most powerful
>recorded since regular X-ray data became available in 1976.
>
>Solar flares, among the solar system's mightiest eruptions,
>are tremendous explosions in the atmosphere of the Sun capable
>of releasing as much energy as a billion megatons of TNT.
>Caused by the sudden release of magnetic energy, in just a few
>seconds flares can accelerate solar particles to very high
>velocities, almost to the speed of light, and heat solar
>material to tens of millions of degrees.
>
>The flare erupted at 4:51 p.m. EDT Monday, and produced an R4
>radio blackout on the sunlit side of the Earth. An R4
>blackout, rated by the NOAA SEC, is second to the most severe
>R5 classification. The classification measures the disruption
>in radio communications. X-ray and ultraviolet light from the
>flare changed the structure of the Earth's electrically
>charged upper atmosphere (ionosphere). This affected radio
>communication frequencies that either pass through the
>ionosphere to satellites or are reflected by it to traverse
>the globe.
>
>The explosion, near the Sun's northwest limb (the upper right
>in SOHO images), was associated with an eruption of a cloud of
>electrified gas, called a coronal mass ejection, or CME, into
>space, but apparently not directed towards Earth.
>
>"We are perhaps lucky that this event didn't occur over the
>weekend, when the resulting CME would almost certainly have
>been aimed towards Earth," said Brekke. "A smaller flare-
>related CME event in March 1989 caused major power failures in
>Canada, and subsequent smaller events have disrupted
>communication and navigation satellites."
>
>Solar ejections are often associated with flares and sometimes
>occur shortly after the flare explosion. CMEs are clouds of
>electrified, magnetic gas weighing billions of tons ejected
>from the Sun and hurled into space with speeds ranging from 12
>to 1,250 miles per second. Depending on the orientation of the
>magnetic fields carried by the ejection cloud, Earth-directed
>CMEs cause magnetic storms by interacting with the Earth's
>magnetic field, distorting its shape and accelerating
>electrically charged particles (electrons and atomic nuclei)
>trapped within.
>
>Severe solar weather is often heralded by dramatic auroral
>displays, northern and southern lights, and magnetic storms
>that occasionally affect satellites, radio communications and
>power systems. The flare and solar ejection has also generated
>a storm of high-velocity particles, and the number of
>particles with ten million electron-volts of energy in the
>space near Earth is now 10,000 times greater than normal. The
>increase of particles at this energy level still poses no
>appreciable hazard to air travelers, astronauts or satellites,
>and the NOAA SEC rates this radiation storm as a moderate S2
>to S3, on a scale that goes to S5.
>
>The SOHO project is an international cooperative program
>between NASA and the European Space Agency for the
>International Solar Terrestrial Science Program.
>
>For additional information and images regarding the flare,
>space weather and the giant sunspot, see:
> <http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/hotshots/X17/>
http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/hotshots/X17/
> <http://www.spaceweather.com/> http://www.spaceweather.com/
> <http://www.sel.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/index.html>
http://www.sel.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/index.html
> <http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr01/img0101.html>
http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr01/img0101.html
> -end-
>
>
> * * *
>
>NASA press releases and other information are available automatically
>by sending an Internet electronic mail message to domo@hq.nasa.gov.
>In the body of the message (not the subject line) users should type
>the words "subscribe press-release" (no quotes). The system will
>reply with a confirmation via E-mail of each subscription. A second
>automatic message will include additional information on the service.
>NASA releases also are available via CompuServe using the command
>GO NASA. To unsubscribe from this mailing list, address an E-mail
>message to domo@hq.nasa.gov, leave the subject blank, and type only
>"unsubscribe press-release" (no quotes) in the body of the message.
- --
Larry R. Kellogg
lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov
<http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/> http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov
- -----Original Message-----
From: Frey, Steven R. [ mailto:sfreyohp@SLAC.STANFORD.EDU
<mailto:sfreyohp@SLAC.STANFORD.EDU> ]
Sent: Monday April 02, 2001 3:14 PM
To: RADSAFE (E-mail)
Subject: Solar activity dose to ISS astronaut
Fellow Radsafers -
What was the dose a crewmember aboard the
International Space Station (ISS) likely received from
last week's sunspot/solar flare event? Curious here.
Thanks in advance for any response.
Steve
***********************************************************************
Steven R. Frey,
Radiological Control Manager
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)
Room 266, Building 24, Mail Stop 84
2575 Sand Hill Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Phone: (650) 926-3839
email address: sfreyohp@SLAC.Stanford.EDU
Any opinion expressed here is the opinion of the writer
alone and is not meant to speak on behalf of SLAC
***********************************************************************
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<P><FONT color=#0000ff><FONT size=4>Dear Steve & Radsafers,<BR></FONT><FONT
face=Arial><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN class=718565911-04042001><FONT
face="Times New Roman">Some more info on this topic from Larry Kellogg at NASA
(note especially the highlighted section near the end -- do you buy that ?)
:</FONT></SPAN></FONT></FONT></FONT></P><FONT face=Arial><FONT
color=#0000ff><SPAN class=718565911-04042001>
<P><FONT color=#000000 size=2>From: Larry Kellogg [</FONT><A
href="mailto:lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov";><FONT color=#000000
size=2>mailto:lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov</FONT></A><FONT color=#000000><FONT
size=2>]<BR>Sent: Tuesday April 03, 2001 4:42 PM<BR>To: KMC739@aol.com; Franta,
Jaroslav<BR>Subject: Fwd: SUN UNLEASHES RECORD SUPERFLARE,EARTH DODGES SOLAR
BULLET<BR><BR></FONT>FYI as this kind of activity is part of what fuels the Van
Allen<BR>radiation belt.<BR>See the NOAA site for some definitions of
intensity.<BR></FONT><A href="http://www.sel.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/index.html";
target=_blank><FONT
color=#000000>http://www.sel.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/index.html</FONT></A><BR><A
href="http://www.sel.noaa.gov/index.html"; target=_blank><FONT
color=#000000>http://www.sel.noaa.gov/index.html</FONT></A><BR><A
href="http://www.sel.noaa.gov/Data/"; target=_blank><FONT
color=#000000>http://www.sel.noaa.gov/Data/</FONT></A><BR><FONT
color=#000000>Larry<BR>>X-Authentication-Warning: spinoza.public.hq.nasa.gov:
majordom set<BR>>sender to owner-press-release using -f<BR>>Date: Tue, 3
Apr 2001 15:50:27 -0400 (EDT)<BR>>From: NASANews@hq.nasa.gov<BR>>Subject:
SUN UNLEASHES RECORD SUPERFLARE,EARTH DODGES SOLAR BULLET<BR>>Sender:
owner-press-release@lists.hq.nasa.gov<BR>>To:
undisclosed-recipients:;<BR>><BR>>Dolores Beasley<BR>>Headquarters,
Washington, DC April 3, 2001<BR>>(Phone: 202/358-1753)<BR>><BR>>Bill
Steigerwald<BR>>Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD<BR>>(Phone:
301/286-5017)<BR>><BR>>RELEASE: 01-66<BR>><BR>>SUN UNLEASHES RECORD
SUPERFLARE,<BR>>EARTH DODGES SOLAR BULLET<BR>><BR>> The Sun blasted one
of its largest flares in 25 years<BR>>from the same region harboring the
largest sunspot of the<BR>>current solar cycle Monday
evening.<BR>><BR>>The region, designated active region 9393, has continued
to<BR>>rotate with the Sun and is no longer in line with the Earth,<BR>>so
most of the flare's energy was directed away from our<BR>>planet. However,
radiation from the flare temporarily<BR>>disrupted radio communications, and
flare-related events<BR>>generated a storm of high-velocity particles that,
in greater<BR>>numbers and energies, can affect sensitive
electronic<BR>>equipment in space.<BR>><BR>>"This explosion was
estimated as an X-20 flare, and was as<BR>>strong as the record X-20 flare on
August 16, 1989, " said Dr.<BR>>Paal Brekke, the European Space Agency Deputy
Project<BR>>Scientist for the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
(SOHO),<BR>>one of a fleet of spacecraft monitoring solar activity and
its<BR>>effects on the Earth. "It was more powerful that the
famous<BR>>March 6, 1989 flare which was related to the disruption of
the<BR>>power grids in Canada."<BR>><BR>>Monday's flare and the August
1989 flare are the most powerful<BR>>recorded since regular X-ray data became
available in 1976.<BR>><BR>>Solar flares, among the solar system's
mightiest eruptions,<BR>>are tremendous explosions in the atmosphere of the
Sun capable<BR>>of releasing as much energy as a billion megatons of
TNT.<BR>>Caused by the sudden release of magnetic energy, in just a
few<BR>>seconds flares can accelerate solar particles to very
high<BR>>velocities, almost to the speed of light, and heat
solar<BR>>material to tens of millions of degrees.<BR>><BR>>The flare
erupted at 4:51 p.m. EDT Monday, and produced an R4<BR>>radio blackout on the
sunlit side of the Earth. An R4<BR>>blackout, rated by the NOAA SEC, is
second to the most severe<BR>>R5 classification. The classification measures
the disruption<BR>>in radio communications. X-ray and ultraviolet light from
the<BR>>flare changed the structure of the Earth's
electrically<BR>>charged upper atmosphere (ionosphere). This affected
radio<BR>>communication frequencies that either pass through
the<BR>>ionosphere to satellites or are reflected by it to
traverse<BR>>the globe.<BR>><BR>>The explosion, near the Sun's
northwest limb (the upper right<BR>>in SOHO images), was associated with an
eruption of a cloud of<BR>>electrified gas, called a coronal mass ejection,
or CME, into<BR>>space, but apparently not directed towards
Earth.<BR>><BR>>"We are perhaps lucky that this event didn't occur over
the<BR>>weekend, when the resulting CME would almost certainly
have<BR>>been aimed towards Earth," said Brekke. "A smaller
flare-<BR>>related CME event in March 1989 caused major power failures
in<BR>>Canada, and subsequent smaller events have
disrupted<BR>>communication and navigation satellites."<BR>><BR>>Solar
ejections are often associated with flares and sometimes<BR>>occur shortly
after the flare explosion. CMEs are clouds of<BR>>electrified, magnetic gas
weighing billions of tons ejected<BR>>from the Sun and hurled into space with
speeds ranging from 12<BR>>to 1,250 miles per second. Depending on the
orientation of the<BR>>magnetic fields carried by the ejection cloud,
Earth-directed<BR>>CMEs cause magnetic storms by interacting with the
Earth's<BR>>magnetic field, distorting its shape and
accelerating<BR>>electrically charged particles (electrons and atomic
nuclei)<BR>>trapped within.<BR>><BR>>Severe solar weather is often
heralded by dramatic auroral<BR>>displays, northern and southern lights, and
magnetic storms<BR>>that occasionally affect satellites, radio communications
and<BR>>power systems. <FONT color=#ff0000>The flare and solar ejection has
also generated<BR>>a storm of high-velocity particles, and <STRONG>the number
of<BR>>particles with ten million electron-volts of energy in
the<BR>>space near Earth is now 10,000 times greater than normal.
The<BR>>increase of particles at this energy level still poses
no<BR>>appreciable hazard to air travelers, astronauts or
satellites,<BR></STRONG>>and the NOAA SEC rates this radiation storm as a
moderate S2<BR>>to S3, on a scale that goes to S5.<BR></FONT>><BR>>The
SOHO project is an international cooperative program<BR>>between NASA and the
European Space Agency for the<BR>>International Solar Terrestrial Science
Program.<BR>><BR>>For additional information and images regarding the
flare,<BR>>space weather and the giant sunspot, see:<BR>> </FONT><A
href="http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/hotshots/X17/"; target=_blank><FONT
color=#000000>http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/hotshots/X17/</FONT></A><BR><FONT
color=#000000>> </FONT><A href="http://www.spaceweather.com/";
target=_blank><FONT
color=#000000>http://www.spaceweather.com/</FONT></A><BR><FONT
color=#000000>> </FONT><A
href="http://www.sel.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/index.html"; target=_blank><FONT
color=#000000>http://www.sel.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/index.html</FONT></A><BR><FONT
color=#000000>> </FONT><A
href="http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr01/img0101.html"; target=_blank><FONT
color=#000000>http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr01/img0101.html</FONT></A><BR><FONT
color=#000000>> -end-<BR>><BR>><BR>> * * *<BR>><BR>>NASA press
releases and other information are available automatically<BR>>by sending an
Internet electronic mail message to domo@hq.nasa.gov.<BR>>In the body of the
message (not the subject line) users should type<BR>>the words "subscribe
press-release" (no quotes). The system will<BR>>reply with a confirmation via
E-mail of each subscription. A second<BR>>automatic message will include
additional information on the service.<BR>>NASA releases also are available
via CompuServe using the command<BR>>GO NASA. To unsubscribe from this
mailing list, address an E-mail<BR>>message to domo@hq.nasa.gov, leave the
subject blank, and type only<BR>>"unsubscribe press-release" (no quotes) in
the body of the message.<BR>--<BR>Larry R.
Kellogg<BR>lkellogg@mail.arc.nasa.gov<BR></FONT><A
href="http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/"; target=_blank><FONT
color=#000000>http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov</FONT></A><FONT color=#000000>
</FONT></P></SPAN></FONT></FONT>
<P><FONT face=Arial><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN
class=718565911-04042001> </SPAN><BR></FONT></FONT>-----Original
Message-----<BR>From: Frey, Steven R. [<A
href="mailto:sfreyohp@SLAC.STANFORD.EDU";>mailto:sfreyohp@SLAC.STANFORD.EDU</A>]<BR>Sent:
Monday April 02, 2001 3:14 PM<BR>To: RADSAFE (E-mail)<BR>Subject: Solar activity
dose to ISS astronaut<BR><BR>Fellow Radsafers -<BR><BR>What was the dose a
crewmember aboard the<BR>International Space Station (ISS) likely received
from<BR>last week's sunspot/solar flare event? Curious here.<BR><BR>Thanks in
advance for any
response.<BR><BR>Steve<BR>***********************************************************************<BR>Steven
R. Frey,<BR>Radiological Control Manager<BR>Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
(SLAC)<BR>Room 266, Building 24, Mail Stop 84<BR>2575 Sand Hill Road<BR>Menlo
Park, CA 94025<BR>Phone: (650) 926-3839<BR>email address:
sfreyohp@SLAC.Stanford.EDU<BR><BR>Any opinion expressed here is the opinion of
the writer<BR>alone and is not meant to speak on behalf of
SLAC<BR>***********************************************************************<BR></P></BODY></HTML>
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------------------------------
Date: Wed, 4 Apr 2001 09:49:02 -0400
From: Marty.Bourquin@GRACE.COM
Subject: RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
49CFR173.443(a)(1) states you should wipe an area of 300 square cm then
average the activity over the area smeared. Or you can use an
eqivalent procedure as specified in (2).
- -----Original Message-----
From: glen.vickers@EXELONCORP.COM [mailto:glen.vickers@EXELONCORP.COM]
Sent: Tuesday, April 03, 2001 1:41 PM
To: baumbaug@NOSC.MIL; alombardo@EARTHSCIENCES.NET;
radsafe@list.vanderbilt.edu
Cc: glen.vickers@EXELONCORP.COM
Subject: RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
Question: If you wipe a large area of a package in excess of 100 cm^2
without paying attention to the total area wiped, then how do you know
if
the shipper was in violation of contamination limits if you find
anything?
glen.vickers@exeloncorp.com
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Joel Baumbaugh [SMTP:baumbaug@NOSC.MIL]
> Sent: Tuesday, April 03, 2001 9:42 AM
> To: Andrew Lombardo; radsafe@list.vanderbilt.edu
> Subject: RE: Smear Collection Efficiency
>
> Radsafers,
>
> I think that we have two different "perspectives" here. Some of us
> are
> looking at "contamination" in an analytical sense - i.e. how much
> contamination is actually there and how do we determine/quantify that
> amount. Others of us are looking at how much contamination is
"removable"
>
> - i.e. how much will be transferred from the surface to the person or
> thing
> that comes into contact with it.
>
> When, at my work, I do a survey (not wiping a sealed source/package
> for
> removable contamination but of a "work-surface" in a laboratory), I
am
> initially looking for "removable" contamination. I'm looking for
> something
> (anything) which will leave the surface and contaminate something
else.
> My
> initial swipes are typically in excess of 100 cm-2 because I'm
"looking"
> for "anything" that is radioactive. After (if or when) I find
something,
> "THEN" I go back and "quantify" what is there and whether there are
other
> aspects of the contamination I should worry about - IS it readily
> removable
> (or even still there), is it an external hazard, should I let it
decay in
> place or remove it and HOW to remove it (if necessary), etc., etc.
Well,
> I
> don't want to write a book here, but I noticed that while everyone
was
> "correct" in what they were saying that it seemed that the group was
> polarizing (with a couple of exceptions) and not really seeing each
> other's
> sides....
>
> Just my 2 cents (and my "own" personal opinion [NOT the U.S.
> Navy's]),
>
>
> Joel Baumbaugh (baumbaug@nosc.mil)
> SSC San Diego
>
>
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