Article - While scientists call it a killer, health-seekers bathein the glow of radon

[Susan Gawarecki <loc@icx.net>]

While scientists call it a killer, health-seekers bathe in the glow of 

radon (Atlanta Journal Constitution/Associated Press, Nov. 4. 2004)



OFUNA, Japan — It has been singled out as the second-leading cause of 

lung cancer in the United States, right behind smoking. But to Shiro 

Umeda, sprightly at 74, radon is the best thing since aspirin.



Every month for the past 10 years, he has come to a radon bath here to 

soak it up and breathe it in. He's convinced it has helped ease his back 

pain and improve his overall health.



Undaunted by warnings from the scientific community that the highly 

radioactive gas is a carcinogen, tens of thousands of health-seekers 

like Umeda are drawn each year to hot springs in Japan that claim radon 

can cure an array of ills.



"Not a doubt in my mind," Umeda said after a recent session. "It makes 

me feel better."



The popularity of radon is nothing new.



At the turn of the century, its curative powers were believed to be so 

strong that products containing radon or radium, its parent element, 

ranged from toothpaste and beauty creams to chocolate bars.



Research has since led most health experts to make an about-face.



Most, but not all.



While acknowledging that high doses are undoubtedly dangerous, Yutaka 

Okumura, a professor of radiology at Nagasaki University, a leading 

center of radiation research, said the issue may be less simple than 

some of the more dire cautions suggest.



Okumura cited a study he participated in that found cancer fatalities 

between 1976 and 1993 among more than 4,300 people living near one of 

Japan's most famous radon springs, Misasa, were significantly lower than 

rates elsewhere. Radon levels in the test area were roughly 70 

becquerels per cubic meter, or about three times higher than those in 

the control areas.



"I believe people who frequent radon hot springs may be less likely to 

die of cancer," he said.



However, Nagasaki University professor Shunichi Yamashita, a colleague 

of Okumura's who specializes in the effects of radiation on atomic-bomb 

victims, said many radon hot springs are safe simply because, unlike 

Misasa, they don't actually have much radon.



"Japanese radon baths use so little radon, almost nonmeasurable or close 

to zero, that there should be no worries at all," he said.



Other than Okumura's cancer study, there is also little evidence linking 

radon to any specific health benefits. Claims like radon-believer 

Umeda's are often explained by researchers as the result of the placebo 

effect, or to the soothing heat of the bathwater itself.



That the gas can be deadly is not a question.



Radon, produced by the decay of radium, is classified as a carcinogen by 

the World Health Organization. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

estimates radon in indoor air causes about 21,000 deaths each year in 

the United States alone, and is the leading cause of lung cancer after 

smoking.



Its first known victim was Marie Curie, who won her second Nobel Prize 

in 1911 for discovering radium and another radioactive element. She 

eventually developed chronic radiation sickness from her daily contact 

with radon and radium and died of leukemia.



The gas normally enters the body through inhalation. Most is exhaled 

right back out again, but some can accumulate in the lungs, where its 

radioactive decay can harm the tissue around it and lead to cancer.



Such warnings are nowhere to be found at this popular indoor radon bath 

on Tokyo's southern outskirts. Signs instead claim radon can tame 

everything from high blood pressure to hemorrhoids.



"Alpha waves emitted by the gas are brought into the body when you 

breathe," one sign says. "They go to every corner of your capillaries. 

... This active metabolization brought about by radon is the cause of 

its refreshing and rehabilitating powers."



Pamphlets for the center add that its "health rooms" are "pumped full of 

radon from six large-scale radon-producing machines." The bath's manager 

refused to comment on the specifics, but said the machines used are set 

to "safe levels."



Whether that's even possible is a matter of debate.



"There is no safe level of radon — any exposure poses some risk of 

cancer," the EPA says on its Radon Information Web site.



The Japanese government, meanwhile, has taken a very different stance.



"For now, we don't see the need to regulate radon," said Ryosuke 

Murayama, of the science agency's nuclear regulation office. "Radon that 

exists in the air is minimal, and thus poses little health danger."



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