[ RadSafe ] Re: Feds puzzled by gamma radiation higher thannormalnear

Thu Jul 19 17:13:19 CDT 2007

> Canberra and Ortec (or whatever they are called now) do supply portable HPGE
> detectors with the associated equipment and software.  The cost is at least
> 50 K US$ or more.  They are faily easy to operate, if one has worked in a
> facility with regular ones.  There may be others taht are available.

 I guess I should have put more of disclaimer of some sort than
the link in my signature.

 There are not many others HPGe capable portable MCAs, but there are
some - like ours :-). 

 And the prices definitely don't start at $50k.

 But my point was that while HPGe capable, especially up-to-date,
DSP based instrumentation may not be cheap [ it takes _a lot_ more
expertise to make them than NaI, anybody can do NaI - and I know
of at least one company which has been trying to make a DSP based
MCA for HPGe and failed for 15+ years so far... ], they are within reach,
especially if compared to the widespread toyish nonsense which 
are useless for their alleged purpose in too many cases (and the
toys are by far not cheap, let's don't forget that).

Dimiter

------------------------------------------------------
Dimiter Popoff               Transgalactic Instruments

http://www.tgi-sci.com
------------------------------------------------------

> From: "edmond0033" <edmond0033 at comcast.net>
> To: <radsafe at radlab.nl>, "Dimiter Popoff" <didi at tgi-sci.com>
> References: <469F8FD9-1B-C7B4060A at nukeman.tgi-sci.com>
> Subject: Re: [ RadSafe ] Re: Feds puzzled by gamma radiation higherthannormalnear
> Date: Thu, 19 Jul 2007 17:00:24 -0400
> 
> Canberra and Ortec (or whatever they are called now) do supply portable HPGE
> detectors with the associated equipment and software.  The cost is at least
> 50 K US$ or more.  They are faily easy to operate, if one has worked in a
> facility with regular ones.  There may be others taht are available.
> 
> Ed Baratta
> edmond0033 at comcast.net
> ----- Original Message ----- 
> From: "Dimiter Popoff" <didi at tgi-sci.com>
> To: <radsafe at radlab.nl>
> Sent: Thursday, July 19, 2007 9:20 AM
> Subject: [ RadSafe ] Re: Feds puzzled by gamma radiation
> higherthannormalnear
> 
> 
> > Franz, all,
> >
> >> ... The   first thing I would do in this case, would be to put samples on
> >> top
> >> of a   HPGe-detector and determine the nature and the concentration of
> >> the
> >> radionuclides. I cannot believe that no such detectors would be available
> >> in
> >> a country which spends billions of $$$ on homeland security and now even
> >> wants to encircle New York with radiation detectors!
> >
> > that's what I would have thought. But apparently the whole homeland
> > security
> > thing regarding radiation is as phoney as is say the dirty bomb scare; why
> > spend the gigabucks they have on HPGe detectors and real instrumentation
> > instead
> > of buying some NaI & GM toys (just to have something to show the public),
> > "consulting" above everything....
> >
> > Dimiter
> >
> >
> > ------------------------------------------------------
> > Dimiter Popoff               Transgalactic Instruments
> >
> > http://www.tgi-sci.com
> > ------------------------------------------------------
> >
> > From: =?iso-8859-1?Q?Franz_Schönhofer?= <franz.schoenhofer at chello.at>
> > To: "'stewart farber'" <radproject at sbcglobal.net>,
> > "'Dan McCarn'" <hotgreenchile at gmail.com>,
> > "'Michael McNaughton'" <mcnaught at lanl.gov>,
> > "'Emer,Dudley'" <EMERDF at nv.doe.gov>
> > Subject: AW: [ RadSafe ] Feds puzzled by gamma radiation higher
> > thannormalnear
> > wildfire -Cs-137, K-40 data
> > Date: Tue, 17 Jul 2007 16:52:01 +0200
> >
> > Stewart, Dan, Mike and others,
> >
> > You might be interested that there has been research done in the province
> > of
> > Upper Austria about 10 years ago on that (and related) topics to check the
> > influence of the Chernobyl accident on the Cs-137 concentrations. Result:
> > No
> > concern. There has been research in Sweden on the Cs-137 concentration in
> > wood and in materials from various stages in the pulp and paper industry.
> > Other investigations were carried out on wood exported from Eastern
> > European
> > Countries. In Finland there was shortly after the Chernobyl accident a
> > discussion about Cs-137 in peat, because in some areas peat is used for
> > electricity generation.
> >
> > I could try to find some papers, but I will fly tomorrow to Estonia and
> > also
> > visit my friends in Finland, so I will be back only after about three
> > weeks!
> >
> > I did not really follow this thread tightly, maybe I missed something: The
> > first thing I would do in this case, would be to put samples on top of a
> > HPGe-detector and determine the nature and the concentration of the
> > radionuclides. I cannot believe that no such detectors would be available
> > in
> > a country which spends billions of $$$ on homeland security and now even
> > wants to encircle New York with radiation detectors!
> >
> > Best regards,
> >
> > Franz
> >
> > Franz Schoenhofer, PhD
> > MinRat i.R.
> > Habicherg. 31/7
> > A-1160 Wien/Vienna
> > AUSTRIA
> >
> >
> > -----Ursprüngliche Nachricht-----
> > Von: radsafe-bounces at radlab.nl [mailto:radsafe-bounces at radlab.nl] Im
> > Auftrag
> > von stewart farber
> > Gesendet: Dienstag, 17. Juli 2007 16:25
> > An: Dan McCarn; Michael McNaughton; Emer,Dudley
> > Cc: radsafe at radlab.nl
> > Betreff: Re: [ RadSafe ] Feds puzzled by gamma radiation higher
> > thannormalnear wildfire -Cs-137, K-40 data
> >
> > Hi all,
> >
> > I've mentioned aspects of the woodash survey I conducted back in the
> > 1990s
> > on radsafe before. Based on actual measurements, from this survey of
> > Cs-137
> > in woodash, the typical K-40 content of woodash is about 120,000
> > picoCuries
> > per kg of ash.  Woodash is 10 to 15% potassium by weight --thus it's use
> > as
> > a feedstock to the early US potash industry in colonial times.
> >
> > Ash samples from burning mature hardwoods in the East in my survey had
> > Cs-137 as high as 20,000 [in many parts of New England] to 25,000
> > picoCuries
> >
> > kg of ash [in oak ash from FL].
> >
> > At these latter levels, the  Cs-137 peak dwarfed the K-40 peak due to
> > gamma
> > abundance in K-40 being relatively low vs. Cs-137 and Cs-137 efficiency in
> > gamma counting being much higher than K-40. Thus total counts from Cs-137
> > at
> >
> > say 20,000 pCi/kg ash showed a peak on a gamma spec that was much, much
> > higher than that from K-40 at 120,000 pCi/kg ash. Every other peak in the
> > U
> > and Th decay series in woodash faded to the baseline vs. the K-40 and
> > Cs-137
> >
> > peak heights.
> >
> > I received  data in this survey on Cs-137 in wood ash from Idaho which was
> > about 1,000 pCi/kg in pine ash. Wood ash samples from trees in CA showed
> > Cs-137 at only about 300 pCi/kg ash. Cs-137 content in woodash varies by
> > factors of up to 100 despite relatively even Cs-137 areal deposition from
> > airborne nuclear bomb testing, due to soil factors:  stable Cs in soil
> > [higher stable Cs leads to higher Cs-137 in biomass per unit deposition],
> > stable potassium levels in soil [inverse relationship  --more stable K,
> > lower Cs-137 per unit deposition], and more.
> >
> > A wild fire can throw up  2 to 3% or more of the mass of biomass burned as
> > airborne ash particulates which might contribute to elevated activity
> > measured on filters due to K-40 and Cs-137 [residual from generalized
> > weapon's test fallout].
> >
> > Stewart Farber, MS Public Health
> > Consulting Scientist
> > Farber Technical Services
> > 1285 Wood Ave.
> > Bridgeport, CT 06604
> > [203] 441-8433 [office]
> > [203] 522-2817 [cell]
> > email: radproject at sbcglobal.net
> >
> > ==========================
> >
> >
> > ----- Original Message ----- 
> > From: "Dan McCarn" <hotgreenchile at gmail.com>
> > To: "Michael McNaughton" <mcnaught at lanl.gov>; "Emer,Dudley"
> > <EMERDF at nv.doe.gov>; <HotGreenChile at gmail.com>
> > Cc: <radsafe at radlab.nl>
> > Sent: Monday, July 16, 2007 3:13 PM
> > Subject: Re: [ RadSafe ] Feds puzzled by gamma radiation higher than
> > normalnear wildfire
> >
> >
> > Hi Michael:
> >
> > As you probably already know, Bi-214 is the most significant gamma
> > emitter of the Ra-226 daughters (dominantly the 609 KeV gamma photopeak),
> > but the early part of the chain has quite short half-lives.  Perhaps the
> > "gamma" detectors *during* the fire were seeing the gamma from the Bi-214
> > which decayed to the three radionuclides - Pb-210, Bi-210, and Po-210.
> >
> > If the 'ingrowth" chain is broken during the fire, then perhaps the only
> > R/Ns to survive on an air filter would begin with Pb-210 and the ingrowth
> > daughters Bi-210 and Po-210.  After only a few hours (4.46 hours), the
> > Pb-214 would have decayed (10 half lifes) to 1/1024 of the original value
> > and may be undetectable along with the Bi-214.
> >
> > Another gamma emitter that would certainly be lofted during the fire would
> > be K-40, which accumulates in soils and wood as a macronutrient in plants.
> > SInce the soils "burn" in forest fires as well as the trees (similar
> > caloric
> > value), the K-40 could easily be lofted with the ash from the forest
> > floor.
> > The name "potash" comes from the use of wood ash from the firepalace as a
> > fertilizer, since it is significantly enriched in potassium.
> >
> > Rn-222 3.8235 d
> > Po-218 164.3 µS
> > Pb-214 26.8 m
> > Bi-214 19.9 m
> > Po-214 164.3 µS
> > Pb-210 22.20 y
> > Bi-210 5.012 d
> > Po-210 138.376 d
> >
> >
> > Best regards!
> >
> > Dan ii
> >
> > Dan W McCarn, Geologist
> > Houston & Albuquerque
> >
> > On 7/16/07, Michael McNaughton <mcnaught at lanl.gov> wrote:
> >>
> >> Following the Cerro-Grande fire at Los Alamos, I and my colleagues
> >> investigated the increased airborne radiation measured during the fire.
> >> Almost all the increased radioactivity we detected is from the long-lived
> >> radon decay product, lead-210, and its progeny: bismuth-210 and
> >> polonium-210. However, I am puzzled by the word "gamma" that appears
> >> several times in the article below. Pb-210, Bi-210, and Po-210 emit few
> >> gammas, mostly of low energy. Does anyone on this list have more
> >> information?
> >>
> >> mike
> >>
> >> At 01:35 PM 07/13/2007, Sandy Perle wrote:
> >> >Feds puzzled by gamma radiation higher than normal near wildfire
> >> >
> >> >The Salt Lake Tribune, Jul 13 -  A puzzle has sprung from the flames
> >> >of the Milford Flat Fire: What's pumping radiation into the air? The
> >> >National Nuclear Security Administration said Thursday its radiation
> >> >monitors in the area are showing gamma radiation spikes seven times
> >> >higher than the normal background. But before anyone runs to the
> >> >doctor, it's worth pointing out that even those spikes, if someone
> >> >breathed them for seven hours straight, produce less than one-2,000th
> >> >of the radiation dose a Utahn normally gets in a year. "You're
> >> >talking about a very small dose," said NNSA spokesman Darwin Morgan.
> >> >The agency, which had proposed a massive, non-nuclear explosion
> >> >experiment at the Nevada Test Site last year, monitors the air for
> >> >radiation at 29 monitoring stations in Utah, California and Nevada.
> >> >The agency canceled the so-called Divine Strake test after hearing
> >> >from thousands of Utahns who complained that the explosion would send
> >> >radiation-tainted debris into their air and onto their landscape. "We
> >> >heard loud and clear from the people of Utah they are concerned about
> >> >radiation," said Morgan, explaining his agency's reasons for
> >> >publicizing the radiation-meter findings. Morgan said filters from
> >> >the Milford monitoring station are being analyzed at a laboratory.
> >> >The agency thinks that naturally occurring radon is being released
> >> >from the ground, but only study of the material captured on the air
> >> >filters will tell them for sure. Dane Finerfrock, director of the
> >> >Utah Division of Radiation Control, said the fact that radiation is
> >> >released during combustion is no secret. "There's a radioactivity in
> >> >that forest and brush," he said, "and some of it stays in the ash and
> >> >some of it goes into the atmosphere." Morgan said there is no data
> >> >about the radiation from the Neola North Fire in eastern Utah. The
> >> >agency does not have monitors in that part of the state.
> >> >----------------------
> >>
> >> Mike McNaughton
> >> Los Alamos National Lab.
> >> email: mcnaught at LANL.gov or mcnaughton at LANL.gov
> >> phone: 505-667-6130; page: 505-664-7733
> >>
> >>
> >> _______________________________________________
> >> You are currently subscribed to the RadSafe mailing list
> >>
> >> Before posting a message to RadSafe be sure to have read and understood
> >> the RadSafe rules. These can be found at:
> >> http://radlab.nl/radsafe/radsaferules.html
> >>
> >> For information on how to subscribe or unsubscribe and other settings
> >> visit: http://radlab.nl/radsafe/
> >>
> >
> >
> >
> > -- 
> > Dan W McCarn
> > _______________________________________________
> > You are currently subscribed to the RadSafe mailing list
> >
> > Before posting a message to RadSafe be sure to have read and understood
> > the
> > RadSafe rules. These can be found at:
> > http://radlab.nl/radsafe/radsaferules.html
> >
> > For information on how to subscribe or unsubscribe and other settings
> > visit:
> >
> > http://radlab.nl/radsafe/
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > You are currently subscribed to the RadSafe mailing list
> >
> > Before posting a message to RadSafe be sure to have read and understood
> > the
> > RadSafe rules. These can be found at:
> > http://radlab.nl/radsafe/radsaferules.html
> >
> > For information on how to subscribe or unsubscribe and other settings
> > visit:
> > http://radlab.nl/radsafe/
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > You are currently subscribed to the RadSafe mailing list
> >
> > Before posting a message to RadSafe be sure to have read and understood
> > the RadSafe rules. These can be found at:
> > http://radlab.nl/radsafe/radsaferules.html
> >
> > For information on how to subscribe or unsubscribe and other settings
> > visit: http://radlab.nl/radsaf
> >
> >
> >> From: =?iso-8859-1?Q?Franz_Schönhofer?= <franz.schoenhofer at chello.at>
> >> To: "'stewart farber'" <radproject at sbcglobal.net>,
> >> "'Dan McCarn'" <hotgreenchile at gmail.com>,
> >> "'Michael McNaughton'" <mcnaught at lanl.gov>,
> >> "'Emer,Dudley'" <EMERDF at nv.doe.gov>
> >> Subject: AW: [ RadSafe ] Feds puzzled by gamma radiation higher
> >> thannormalnear
> >> wildfire -Cs-137, K-40 data
> >> Date: Tue, 17 Jul 2007 16:52:01 +0200
> >>
> >> Stewart, Dan, Mike and others,
> >>
> >> You might be interested that there has been research done in the province
> >> of
> >> Upper Austria about 10 years ago on that (and related) topics to check
> >> the
> >> influence of the Chernobyl accident on the Cs-137 concentrations. Result:
> >> No
> >> concern. There has been research in Sweden on the Cs-137 concentration in
> >> wood and in materials from various stages in the pulp and paper industry.
> >> Other investigations were carried out on wood exported from Eastern
> >> European
> >> Countries. In Finland there was shortly after the Chernobyl accident a
> >> discussion about Cs-137 in peat, because in some areas peat is used for
> >> electricity generation.
> >>
> >> I could try to find some papers, but I will fly tomorrow to Estonia and
> >> also
> >> visit my friends in Finland, so I will be back only after about three
> >> weeks!
> >>
> >> I did not really follow this thread tightly, maybe I missed something:
> >> The
> >> first thing I would do in this case, would be to put samples on top of a
> >> HPGe-detector and determine the nature and the concentration of the
> >> radionuclides. I cannot believe that no such detectors would be available
> >> in
> >> a country which spends billions of $$$ on homeland security and now even
> >> wants to encircle New York with radiation detectors!
> >>
> >> Best regards,
> >>
> >> Franz
> >>
> >> Franz Schoenhofer, PhD
> >> MinRat i.R.
> >> Habicherg. 31/7
> >> A-1160 Wien/Vienna
> >> AUSTRIA
> >>
> >>
> >> -----Ursprüngliche Nachricht-----
> >> Von: radsafe-bounces at radlab.nl [mailto:radsafe-bounces at radlab.nl] Im
> >> Auftrag
> >> von stewart farber
> >> Gesendet: Dienstag, 17. Juli 2007 16:25
> >> An: Dan McCarn; Michael McNaughton; Emer,Dudley
> >> Cc: radsafe at radlab.nl
> >> Betreff: Re: [ RadSafe ] Feds puzzled by gamma radiation higher
> >> thannormalnear wildfire -Cs-137, K-40 data
> >>
> >> Hi all,
> >>
> >> I've mentioned aspects of the woodash survey I conducted back in the
> >> 1990s
> >> on radsafe before. Based on actual measurements, from this survey of
> >> Cs-137
> >> in woodash, the typical K-40 content of woodash is about 120,000
> >> picoCuries
> >> per kg of ash.  Woodash is 10 to 15% potassium by weight --thus it's use
> >> as
> >> a feedstock to the early US potash industry in colonial times.
> >>
> >> Ash samples from burning mature hardwoods in the East in my survey had
> >> Cs-137 as high as 20,000 [in many parts of New England] to 25,000
> >> picoCuries
> >>
> >> kg of ash [in oak ash from FL].
> >>
> >> At these latter levels, the  Cs-137 peak dwarfed the K-40 peak due to
> >> gamma
> >> abundance in K-40 being relatively low vs. Cs-137 and Cs-137 efficiency
> >> in
> >> gamma counting being much higher than K-40. Thus total counts from Cs-137
> >> at
> >>
> >> say 20,000 pCi/kg ash showed a peak on a gamma spec that was much, much
> >> higher than that from K-40 at 120,000 pCi/kg ash. Every other peak in the
> >> U
> >> and Th decay series in woodash faded to the baseline vs. the K-40 and
> >> Cs-137
> >>
> >> peak heights.
> >>
> >> I received  data in this survey on Cs-137 in wood ash from Idaho which
> >> was
> >> about 1,000 pCi/kg in pine ash. Wood ash samples from trees in CA showed
> >> Cs-137 at only about 300 pCi/kg ash. Cs-137 content in woodash varies by
> >> factors of up to 100 despite relatively even Cs-137 areal deposition from
> >> airborne nuclear bomb testing, due to soil factors:  stable Cs in soil
> >> [higher stable Cs leads to higher Cs-137 in biomass per unit deposition],
> >> stable potassium levels in soil [inverse relationship  --more stable K,
> >> lower Cs-137 per unit deposition], and more.
> >>
> >> A wild fire can throw up  2 to 3% or more of the mass of biomass burned
> >> as
> >> airborne ash particulates which might contribute to elevated activity
> >> measured on filters due to K-40 and Cs-137 [residual from generalized
> >> weapon's test fallout].
> >>
> >> Stewart Farber, MS Public Health
> >> Consulting Scientist
> >> Farber Technical Services
> >> 1285 Wood Ave.
> >> Bridgeport, CT 06604
> >> [203] 441-8433 [office]
> >> [203] 522-2817 [cell]
> >> email: radproject at sbcglobal.net
> >>
> >> ==========================
> >>
> >>
> >> ----- Original Message ----- 
> >> From: "Dan McCarn" <hotgreenchile at gmail.com>
> >> To: "Michael McNaughton" <mcnaught at lanl.gov>; "Emer,Dudley"
> >> <EMERDF at nv.doe.gov>; <HotGreenChile at gmail.com>
> >> Cc: <radsafe at radlab.nl>
> >> Sent: Monday, July 16, 2007 3:13 PM
> >> Subject: Re: [ RadSafe ] Feds puzzled by gamma radiation higher than
> >> normalnear wildfire
> >>
> >>
> >> Hi Michael:
> >>
> >> As you probably already know, Bi-214 is the most significant gamma
> >> emitter of the Ra-226 daughters (dominantly the 609 KeV gamma photopeak),
> >> but the early part of the chain has quite short half-lives.  Perhaps the
> >> "gamma" detectors *during* the fire were seeing the gamma from the Bi-214
> >> which decayed to the three radionuclides - Pb-210, Bi-210, and Po-210.
> >>
> >> If the 'ingrowth" chain is broken during the fire, then perhaps the only
> >> R/Ns to survive on an air filter would begin with Pb-210 and the ingrowth
> >> daughters Bi-210 and Po-210.  After only a few hours (4.46 hours), the
> >> Pb-214 would have decayed (10 half lifes) to 1/1024 of the original value
> >> and may be undetectable along with the Bi-214.
> >>
> >> Another gamma emitter that would certainly be lofted during the fire
> >> would
> >> be K-40, which accumulates in soils and wood as a macronutrient in
> >> plants.
> >> SInce the soils "burn" in forest fires as well as the trees (similar
> >> caloric
> >> value), the K-40 could easily be lofted with the ash from the forest
> >> floor.
> >> The name "potash" comes from the use of wood ash from the firepalace as a
> >> fertilizer, since it is significantly enriched in potassium.
> >>
> >> Rn-222 3.8235 d
> >> Po-218 164.3 µS
> >> Pb-214 26.8 m
> >> Bi-214 19.9 m
> >> Po-214 164.3 µS
> >> Pb-210 22.20 y
> >> Bi-210 5.012 d
> >> Po-210 138.376 d
> >>
> >>
> >> Best regards!
> >>
> >> Dan ii
> >>
> >> Dan W McCarn, Geologist
> >> Houston & Albuquerque
> >>
> >> On 7/16/07, Michael McNaughton <mcnaught at lanl.gov> wrote:
> >> >
> >> > Following the Cerro-Grande fire at Los Alamos, I and my colleagues
> >> > investigated the increased airborne radiation measured during the fire.
> >> > Almost all the increased radioactivity we detected is from the
> >> > long-lived
> >> > radon decay product, lead-210, and its progeny: bismuth-210 and
> >> > polonium-210. However, I am puzzled by the word "gamma" that appears
> >> > several times in the article below. Pb-210, Bi-210, and Po-210 emit few
> >> > gammas, mostly of low energy. Does anyone on this list have more
> >> > information?
> >> >
> >> > mike
> >> >
> >> > At 01:35 PM 07/13/2007, Sandy Perle wrote:
> >> > >Feds puzzled by gamma radiation higher than normal near wildfire
> >> > >
> >> > >The Salt Lake Tribune, Jul 13 -  A puzzle has sprung from the flames
> >> > >of the Milford Flat Fire: What's pumping radiation into the air? The
> >> > >National Nuclear Security Administration said Thursday its radiation
> >> > >monitors in the area are showing gamma radiation spikes seven times
> >> > >higher than the normal background. But before anyone runs to the
> >> > >doctor, it's worth pointing out that even those spikes, if someone
> >> > >breathed them for seven hours straight, produce less than one-2,000th
> >> > >of the radiation dose a Utahn normally gets in a year. "You're
> >> > >talking about a very small dose," said NNSA spokesman Darwin Morgan.
> >> > >The agency, which had proposed a massive, non-nuclear explosion
> >> > >experiment at the Nevada Test Site last year, monitors the air for
> >> > >radiation at 29 monitoring stations in Utah, California and Nevada.
> >> > >The agency canceled the so-called Divine Strake test after hearing
> >> > >from thousands of Utahns who complained that the explosion would send
> >> > >radiation-tainted debris into their air and onto their landscape. "We
> >> > >heard loud and clear from the people of Utah they are concerned about
> >> > >radiation," said Morgan, explaining his agency's reasons for
> >> > >publicizing the radiation-meter findings. Morgan said filters from
> >> > >the Milford monitoring station are being analyzed at a laboratory.
> >> > >The agency thinks that naturally occurring radon is being released
> >> > >from the ground, but only study of the material captured on the air
> >> > >filters will tell them for sure. Dane Finerfrock, director of the
> >> > >Utah Division of Radiation Control, said the fact that radiation is
> >> > >released during combustion is no secret. "There's a radioactivity in
> >> > >that forest and brush," he said, "and some of it stays in the ash and
> >> > >some of it goes into the atmosphere." Morgan said there is no data
> >> > >about the radiation from the Neola North Fire in eastern Utah. The
> >> > >agency does not have monitors in that part of the state.
> >> > >----------------------
> >> >
> >> > Mike McNaughton
> >> > Los Alamos National Lab.
> >> > email: mcnaught at LANL.gov or mcnaughton at LANL.gov
> >> > phone: 505-667-6130; page: 505-664-7733
> >> >
> >> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > You are currently subscribed to the RadSafe mailing list
> >
> > Before posting a message to RadSafe be sure to have read and understood
> > the RadSafe rules. These can be found at:
> > http://radlab.nl/radsafe/radsaferules.html
> >
> > For information on how to subscribe or unsubscribe and other settings
> > visit: http://radlab.nl/radsafe/
> >