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radsafe-digest V1 #161





radsafe-digest      Wednesday, September 5 2001      Volume 01 : Number 161







In this issue:



    Reading some Caldicott

    Kursk: Potential nuclear hazards

    Re: Looking for Journal Paper

    RE: Looking for Journal Paper

    RE: Radioactivity (Bq)  in tobacco

    RE: Reading some Caldicott

    Critique of ICRP principles

    Fed Govt will provide nuclear bone test information to families

    Re: Critique of ICRP principles

    Critique of ICRP Principles

    Re: Critique of ICRP Principles

    Microwave Survey Meters

    medical misadministrations



----------------------------------------------------------------------



Date: Mon, 03 Sep 2001 23:57:18 +0000

From: "Bjorn Cedervall" <bcradsafers@HOTMAIL.COM>

Subject: Reading some Caldicott



Just browsed through:

http://members.ozemail.com.au/~wfnev/April00Caldicott.htm



It is interesting to see how semiquantitive these texts are. There are some 

numbers here and there but they are never given in a way so that one can get 

a reasonable perspective on the risks (if there are any worth mentioning). 

Or no numbers at all: In the passage about any dose being dangerous she 

mentions smoke detectors - interesting & illuminating to say the least.



My personal reflection only,



Bjorn Cedervall   bcradsafers@hotmail.com

http://www.geocities.com/bjorn_cedervall/





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Date: Tue, 04 Sep 2001 07:49:16 +0000

From: "Bjorn Cedervall" <bcradsafers@HOTMAIL.COM>

Subject: Kursk: Potential nuclear hazards



Found the following:

http://www.kurskfoundation.org/Safety%20Evaluation%20pdf.pdf



Wonder if anyone could comment the reactor concept. There is a primary loop 

and steam generators. I interpret this as two loops with water (there is an 

ion-exchange system for the primary loop).



Now, on page 15 it says that the reactor is pressurized by gas (argon or 

nitrogen). -Reserve gas? I don't understand how this gas comes into the 

picture. Can anyone explain?



My personal question only,



Bjorn Cedervall   bcradsafers@hotmail.com





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------------------------------



Date: Tue, 04 Sep 2001 07:29:33 -0400

From: William V Lipton <liptonw@DTEENERGY.COM>

Subject: Re: Looking for Journal Paper



I remember reading that paper, back when I was a graduate student, but,

unfortunately, did  not save a copy.  (Xeroxing was still expensive, and you had

to wait in line to use the one machine the library had available.)  However, the

methodology of this paper is published in Section 3.3 (pages 94-97), "Sum-Peak

Coincidence Counting," in NCRP 58, "A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements

Procedures, Second Edition."  Even if you obtain the original paper, I recommend

reading NCRP 58, since it includes updates by other authors.



The opinions expressed are strictly mine.

It's not about dose, it's about trust.



Bill Lipton

liptonw@dteenergy.com





Terry.Liaboe@Abbott.com wrote:



> Does anyone know where I could find the following journal paper online, who it

> could be ordered from or does someone have a copy they could fax to me?

>

> Thanks for any help.  Please reply offline.

>

> Eldridge, James S., Crowther, Peter, "Absolute Determination of I-125",

> Nucleonics 22, No. 6, 56 (1964)

>

> Terry Liaboe

> Abbott Laboratories

> Terry.Liaboe@abbott.com

> 847-937-6078

> fax 847-937-1738

>

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------------------------------



Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2001 07:53:25 -0400 

From: "Frame, Paul" <FrameP@ORAU.GOV>

Subject: RE: Looking for Journal Paper



Terry



It should already be in your fax machine.



Paul Frame

Professional Training Programs

Oak Ridge Associated Universities

http://www.orau.com/ptp/ptp.htm







Does anyone know where I could find the following journal paper online, who

it

could be ordered from or does someone have a copy they could fax to me?



Thanks for any help.  Please reply offline.



Eldridge, James S., Crowther, Peter, "Absolute Determination of I-125",

Nucleonics 22, No. 6, 56 (1964)





Terry Liaboe

Abbott Laboratories

Terry.Liaboe@abbott.com

847-937-6078

fax 847-937-1738



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Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2001 13:59:13 +0200

From: "Christoph Hofmeyr" <chofmeyr@nnr.co.za>

Subject: RE: Radioactivity (Bq)  in tobacco



Bjorn, Radsafers,

I think one should read the full document to get the full story, even if

it is a bit cumbersome to download.  The 2000 pCi/g (74 Bq/g) relate to

the old definition of when something is radioactive, and Ash has claimed

that according to his calculations, cigarette smoke would qualify

(mainly K-40).  Table II comes up with a measured specific activity of

34 -36 pCi/g in the cigarette and  about 0.1 pCi finding its way into

the 'mainstream' smoke of one cigarette, giving 3.5 - 5.5 pCi/g of

smoke, which is somewhat contrary to Ash's claims.  (Another group

claims that the alpha activity basically stays in the ash).  To

summarise: Ash claims it is in the smoke, the paper shows it is in the

ash - so only 0.005 Bq in the smoke of one cigarette, which contained

about 1 Bq in the smoked part.  Mind, you, it is a BATCo document, where

T stands for Tobacco, I presume.

Purely my own thoughts.

Chris Hofmeyr

chofmeyr@nnr.co.za



- -----Original Message-----

From: Bjorn Cedervall [mailto:bcradsafers@HOTMAIL.COM]

Sent: Tuesday, September 04, 2001 1:15 AM

To: radsafe@list.vanderbilt.edu

Subject: Radioactivity (Bq) in tobacco





I just saw the following document:

http://www.hlth.gov.bc.ca/guildford/pdf/006/00000663.pdf



2000 micromicrocuries (about 80 Bq) per gram of tobacco smoke.



Questions:

1. Is this number representative?

2. What is the breakdown in various radionuclides?

3. What does this number correspond to in terms of Bq/cigarette

(one cigarette weighs about one gram - part of which could be the

filter)?

(4. Where is the Bq police? It is allowed to exhale... Oops.)



Just my personal initiative and reflections,



Bjorn Cedervall    bcradsafers@hotmail.com





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------------------------------



Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2001 08:01:08 -0400 

From: "Baratta, Edmond J" <EBARATTA@ORA.FDA.GOV>

Subject: RE: Reading some Caldicott



	She just published an editorial in the "Boston Globe", a very

liberal paper (my comment and

	not the agency that I work for.  It seems that strontium-90 now has

a half-life of 60 years

	and that strontium-90 content in food is still a hazard.  She

apparently hasn't kept up

	withe latest literature.Edmond J. Baratta

Int'l Expert Radioactivity

781/729-5700, Ext. 728

FAX 781/729-3593





- -----Original Message-----

From: Bjorn Cedervall [mailto:bcradsafers@HOTMAIL.COM]

Sent: Monday, September 03, 2001 7:57 PM

To: radsafe@list.vanderbilt.edu

Subject: Reading some Caldicott





Just browsed through:

http://members.ozemail.com.au/~wfnev/April00Caldicott.htm



It is interesting to see how semiquantitive these texts are. There are some 

numbers here and there but they are never given in a way so that one can get



a reasonable perspective on the risks (if there are any worth mentioning). 

Or no numbers at all: In the passage about any dose being dangerous she 

mentions smoke detectors - interesting & illuminating to say the least.



My personal reflection only,



Bjorn Cedervall   bcradsafers@hotmail.com

http://www.geocities.com/bjorn_cedervall/





_________________________________________________________________

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------------------------------



Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2001 10:39:19 EDT

From: LassePer@AOL.COM

Subject: Critique of ICRP principles



Pls send me Rosalie´s critique 1998 of ICRP.

I need it for a research project on ethics of radiation protection.

It was referred to by Bjorn Cedervall recently but I forgot the radsafe 

member who mentioned her critique of ICRP. 

Lars Persson

SSI

17116 Stockholm

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Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2001 07:26:57 -0700

From: "Sandy Perle" <sandyfl@EARTHLINK.NET>

Subject: Fed Govt will provide nuclear bone test information to families



Index:



Fed Govt will provide nuclear bone test information to families

France to set up world's largest nuclear company

Support measures for overseas A-bomb victims needed: mayors

Russia sees more nuclear reactors for Iran-minister

Exelon Nuclear to Further Standardize Fleet Refuelings

Kursk Recovery Attempt at a Key Stage

=====================================



Fed Govt will provide nuclear bone test information to families

  

Sept. 4 - Australian Broadcasting Company - The Federal Health 

Department is considering the best way to inform  families of people 

whose bones were used in an international program to  measure the 

health effects of nuclear testing.  



Between 1957 and 1978 more than 20,000 bone samples were used in  

research carried out in the United States, Britain and Australia. 



For most of the 21 year program, samples were taken from every  post-

mortem of Australians younger than 40, and families members were  not 

told of the tests. 



The head of the Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, John 

Loy  says information will be provided to family members who want 

further  information about the program. 



"As I understand it it was not uncommon practice for pathologists in  

certain circumstances to remove organs and use them for other 

purposes,  and of course those things have been inquired into in 

other contexts  this was a program that had been set up for certainly 

what was seen at  the time and what still can be argued as being a 

worthwhile thing to do  in itself," he said.

- ------------------



France to set up world's largest nuclear company



PARIS, Sept. 4 (Kyodo) - France's three major nuclear firms, Cogema, 

CEA Industrie, and Framatome ANP said Tuesday they have agreed to 

integrate their operations under a new holding company, creating the 

largest nuclear industry company in the world. 



Annual sales of the new holding company, Areva, with 45,000 

employees, are expected to reach 10 billion euros ($9 billion or 1.08 

trillion yen), exceeding the scale of the atomic division of General 

Electric Co. of the United States, the companies said. 



Areva will be able to improve its management by concentrating a range 

of operations, from producing nuclear fuels to manufacturing atomic 

reactors, under one holding company, and aims to strengthen its 

competitiveness on a global basis, the three firms said. 



The creation of Areva is in line with plans unveiled last November by 

Economy, Finance and Industry Minister Laurent Fabius to integrate 

the nation's nuclear companies under a new company. 



Anne Lauvergeon, chairman of Cogema, will be chairman of Areva and 

the three companies plan to list the new company's stock, although 

they have not yet decided when. 



Lauvergeon said they picked Areva as the company's name as it is easy 

to pronounce in French, English and Japanese, which will be an asset 

in deploying its businesses worldwide. 



At present, Cogema makes nuclear fuel, Framatome makes reactors, and 

CEA is engaged in a wide range of nuclear business. 

- ------------------



Support measures for overseas A-bomb victims needed: mayors



TOKYO, Sept. 4 (Kyodo) - Hiroshima Mayor Tadatoshi Akiba and Nagasaki 

Mayor Itcho Ito on Tuesday called for the central government to come 

up with support measures for A-bomb victims living overseas. 



The mayors made the call at a Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry 

panel meeting to discuss support measures for A-bomb victims living 

overseas and the issue of revising the current Atomic Bomb Victims 

Relief Law. 



''Understanding of the aftereffects of the atomic bombing is 

insufficient overseas and there are few specialists on radiation 

therapy,'' Akiba said in explaining the difficult circumstances for A-

bomb victims abroad. 



''The state should also apply the Atomic Bomb Victims Relief Law to A-

bomb victims living overseas, and in the meantime should expand 

support measures from what is realizable, such as to provide health 

care benefits,'' Akiba said. 



Meanwhile, Ito said, ''As a local government, we have been engaged in 

providing treatment by inviting A-bomb victims living abroad to Japan 

and dispatching doctors overseas, but we would like the state to 

conduct such measures from now on.'' 



Health minister Chikara Sakaguchi established the panel after the 

Osaka District Court ruled on June 1 that Kwak Kwi Hoon, a Korean 

survivor of the 1945 atomic bombing of Hiroshima, was entitled to 

receive benefits under the law. 



The ruling found the health ministry's decision to deny overseas A-

bomb victims protection under the Atomic Bomb Victims Relief Law 

could contradict the Constitution, which stipulates that all people 

are equal under the law. 



The local government and the Japanese government appealed against the 

ruling the following month. 



At the first panel meeting held last month, Sakaguchi requested that 

panel members, who expressed support for equal treatment for overseas 

victims, reach a conclusion by the end of the year. 



According to the ministry, there are about 2,200 A-bomb survivors in 

South Korea, 930 in North Korea, 1,000 in the United States and 180 

in South America. 



The law stipulates that A-bomb survivors in Japan are entitled to 

receive physical checkups and medical treatment free of charge if 

they obtain an A-bomb victim health passbook. They are also entitled 

to receive medical allowances if they suffer from disabilities due to 

the bombing. 



While the law does not specifically address coverage for A-bomb 

survivors abroad, the ministry has to date denied overseas A-bomb 

survivors medical coverage under the law. 



The law also appears somewhat ambiguous with regard to judicial 

interpretation, as the Hiroshima District Court has found in favor of 

the state in a similar suit filed by an overseas A-bomb survivor. 

- ------------------



Russia sees more nuclear reactors for Iran-minister

  

MOSCOW, Sept 4 (Reuters) - Russia is putting new plans to Iran for 

building further nuclear power plant reactors in the southern port 

city of Bushehr, deputy Atomic Energy Minister Yevgeny Reshetnikov 

said on Tuesday. 



Reshetnikov, in comments carried by Itar-Tass news agency, said a 

team of Russian specialists would visit Iran soon to present a 

feasibility study for assembling more nuclear reactors at Bushehr. 



"Iran can order from us the construction of at least one more 

reactor," Reshetnikov said. 



He said negotiations with Tehran on signing the contract could start 

as early as December. 



Reshetnikov's remarks seemed certain to raise eyebrows in Israel just 

as Prime Minister Ariel Sharon begins a visit to Moscow on Monday in 

which he was to press Russia to stop the transfer of nuclear know-how 

to Iran, its regional rival. 



Both Israel and the United States have criticised Russia's 

construction of the 1,000 megawatt nuclear power plant at Bushehr 

though Moscow and Tehran insist the project has no military purpose. 



The United States sees the development of nuclear technology in Iran 

as a threat. 



Reshetnikov said work at the Bushehr plant was on schedule and the 

first reactor was likely to be shipped in November. 

- ----------------



Exelon Nuclear to Further Standardize Fleet Refuelings Through New 

Agreement With Newberg-Perini/Stone & Webster

  

WARRENVILLE, Ill., Sept. 4 /PRNewswire/ -- Exelon Nuclear (NYSE: EXC) 

has awarded a contract to the joint venture of Stone & Webster and 

Newberg-Perini to provide construction, maintenance and installation 

services for Exelon's 10 nuclear generating stations in the Chicago, 

Philadelphia and New Jersey regions. 



The five-year contract began Sept. 1, 2001.  Under the contract, the 

Stone & Webster/Newberg-Perini team will work primarily during 

refueling outages performing equipment maintenance and modification.  

Use of a single contractor at all 10 stations (17 units) for 

supplemental maintenance and modification work is in line with Exelon 

Nuclear's goal of streamlining operations, standardizing its 

refueling program fleet-wide and reducing cost. 



"The Venture team brings extensive experience in refueling outage 

maintenance and modification from both a local and nationwide 

perspective," said Oliver D. Kingsley Jr., president and chief 

nuclear officer of Exelon Nuclear.  "That includes their successful 

completion of 16 refueling outages last year, two of which were 

record-setting Exelon Nuclear outages. 



"Applying their expertise fleet-wide will provide both financial and 

operational benefits for Exelon Nuclear.  Exelon Nuclear has a 

competitive advantage in economies of scale, and we're taking 

advantage of it here." 



The Stone & Webster/Newberg-Perini team will work with Exelon Nuclear 

employees to bring the industry's best practices to the company, make 

sure refueling experience is applied at all sites, and look for ways 

to complete more work with Exelon employees rather than with 

contractors. 



The Stone & Webster/Newberg-Perini team currently performs 

maintenance and modification work at Exelon Nuclear's Braidwood, 

Byron, Clinton, Dresden, LaSalle and Quad Cities generating stations 

in Illinois.  The company will perform additional work at the 

Limerick, Peach Bottom and Three Mile Island Unit 1 generating 

stations in Pennsylvania and the Oyster Creek Generating Station in 

New Jersey beginning in 2002. 



Stone & Webster is a subsidiary of the Shaw Group, Inc based in Baton 

Rouge, La.  The Shaw Group is the world's only vertically integrated 

provider of complete piping systems and comprehensive engineering, 

procurement and construction services to the power generation 

industry.  Newberg-Perini, a division of Perini Corporation based in 

Framingham, Mass., provides general contracting, including building 

and civil construction, construction management and design-build 

services to clients in the United States. 



Exelon Corporation is one of the nation's largest electric utilities 

with approximately five million customers and more than $15 billion 

in annual revenues.  The company has one of the industry's largest 

portfolios of electricity generation capacity, with a nationwide 

reach and strong positions in the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic.  Exelon 

distributes electricity to approximately five million customers in 

Illinois and Pennsylvania and gas to 425,000 customers in the 

Philadelphia area.  The company also has holdings in such competitive 

businesses as energy, infrastructure services and energy services.  

Exelon is headquartered in Chicago and trades on the NYSE under the 

ticker EXC. 

- ------------------



Kursk Recovery Attempt at a Key Stage



MOSCOW (AP) - Preparations for raising the sunken Kursk nuclear 

submarine entered a decisive phase Tuesday with a Dutch consortium 

beginning to cut off the mangled front section from the rest of the 

ship. 



Northern Fleet chief of staff Adm. Mikhail Motsak said that the 

remote-controlled underwater saw had already cut more than 3 feet of 

the submarine's outer hull early Tuesday and was continuing to work. 



``We haven't yet reached the inner hull,'' Motsak said during a video 

conference from the Peter the Great cruiser, parts of which were 

broadcast on Russian television. 



Motsak, who is in charge of the effort to raise the Kursk, said the 

saw's operation was being monitored by a remote-controlled camera 

lowered from a ship. 



The saw, a line of cylindrical drums covered with an abrasive layer, 

encountered some problems during tests but representatives of the 

Dutch Mammoet company said the problems had been fixed. 



Mammoet is raising the Kursk in a joint venture with another Dutch 

company, Smit International, under a contract with the Russian 

government estimated to be worth about $65 million. 



The Russian government has decided to leave the disfigured first 

compartment on the seabed before the rest of the ship is raised to 

the surface out of concern that some unexploded torpedoes may have 

remained in the Kursk's bow. 



Experts in the rescue effort also feared that the front section could 

be torn off during the lifting, throwing the submarine off balance. 



The Russian navy has said it will consider lifting the front section 

or some of its fragments next year. 



The salvage operation has faced delays, but officials are still 

sticking to the original Sept. 15 target date for raising the 

submarine to the surface. However, with the weather expected to 

worsen in September, they have warned that a slight delay is 

possible. 



Deputy Prime Minister Ilya Klebanov, who is overseeing the operation 

on behalf of the government, said Tuesday that the date for bringing 

the Kursk into a dry dock near the port of Murmansk could be pushed 

back by five days, from Sept. 20 to Sept. 25. 



Motsak, the Navy admiral, was even less optimistic, saying it could 

be delivered between Sept. 25 and Oct. 2. 



The Russian Navy's weather service said Tuesday that it expected 

cyclones to rage in the area in the second half of September. 



``That will cause difficulties in conducting the planned work,'' the 

service said in a statement, according to the ITAR-Tass news agency. 



The operation to lift the vessel, which is expected to last 

approximately eight hours, requires calm seas. Storms could also 

disrupt the subsequent transportation of the submarine to the dry 

dock.



- ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sandy Perle					Tel:(714) 545-0100 / (800) 548-5100   				    	

Director, Technical				Extension 2306 				     	

ICN Worldwide Dosimetry Service		Fax:(714) 668-3149 	                   		    

ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc.			E-Mail: sandyfl@earthlink.net 				                           

ICN Plaza, 3300 Hyland Avenue  		E-Mail: sperle@icnpharm.com          	          

Costa Mesa, CA 92626                    



Personal Website: http://www.geocities.com/scperle

ICN Worldwide Dosimetry Website: http://www.dosimetry.com



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Date: Tue, 04 Sep 2001 16:47:16 +0000

From: "Bjorn Cedervall" <bcradsafers@HOTMAIL.COM>

Subject: Re: Critique of ICRP principles



Pls send me Rosalie´s critique 1998 of ICRP.

I need it for a research project on ethics of radiation protection.

>It was referred to by Bjorn Cedervall recently but I forgot the radsafe

member who mentioned her critique of ICRP.

- ----

No - I didn't refer to the RB critique 1998 of ICRP. I just commented 

someone else's contribution.



Bjorn Cedervall   bcradsafers@hotmail.com





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Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2001 13:44:05 EDT

From: LassePer@AOL.COM

Subject: Critique of ICRP Principles



Pls send me Rosalie Bertell´s critique 1998 of ICRP.

I need it for a research project on ethics of radiation protection.

It was referred to by Bjorn Cedervall recently but I forgot the radsafe 

member who mentioned her critique of ICRP. 

Lars Persson

SSI

17116 Stockholm

lars.persson@ssi.se

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Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2001 16:00:52 EDT

From: RuthWeiner@AOL.COM

Subject: Re: Critique of ICRP Principles



- --part1_79.1a8e77ca.28c68cf4_boundary

Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII"

Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



How do you define the "ethics of radiation protection" and what do you 

research?  Please, this question is absolutely serious, not rhetorical, and 

not asked facetiously.



Ruth Weiner, Ph. D.

ruthweiner@aol.com



- --part1_79.1a8e77ca.28c68cf4_boundary

Content-Type: text/html; charset="US-ASCII"

Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit



<HTML><FONT FACE=arial,helvetica><FONT  COLOR="#000080" SIZE=2><B>How do you define the "ethics of radiation protection" and what do you 

<BR>research? &nbsp;Please, this question is absolutely serious, not rhetorical, and 

<BR>not asked facetiously.

<BR>

<BR></FONT><FONT  COLOR="#008000" SIZE=2 FAMILY="SANSSERIF" FACE="Arial" LANG="0"></B>Ruth Weiner, Ph. D.

<BR>ruthweiner@aol.com</FONT></HTML>



- --part1_79.1a8e77ca.28c68cf4_boundary--

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------------------------------



Date: Tue, 04 Sep 2001 13:45:14 -0700

From: Rick Mannix <rcmannix@UCI.EDU>

Subject: Microwave Survey Meters



Several telecommunications companies will be installing "cell sites" on the

roofs of a couple of buildings on our campus in the near future. Both

cellular radio services antennas (800 or 900 MHz) and Personal

Communications Service (PCS) antennas (1850 - 2000 MHz) will be involved.



We are looking into purchasing a survey meter capable of obtaining electric

field, magnetic field, and power density (mW/cm2) readings near these

antennas and in surrounding areas (in the rooms below, etc.). [We expect

the readings obtained in occupied areas to be low and the related hazards

to be minimal.] This survey meter will also be useful in monitoring other

microwave operations on campus.

 

I know that Holaday sells equipment such as this. Does anybody know of any

other vendors for microwave survey meters?



Thanks.



Rick Mannix

Health Physicist

Laser Safety Officer

University of California

EH&S Office

4600 Bison Ave.

Irvine, CA 92697-2725



949-824-6098

949-824-8539   fax

rcmannix@uci.edu

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Date: Wed, 05 Sep 2001 07:31:46 -0400

From: William V Lipton <liptonw@DTEENERGY.COM>

Subject: medical misadministrations



I'll dare to use the "e" word, again.  There seems to be an epidemic of

medical misadminstrations, that seem mostly due to human error:



8/7/96 - 10/18/00 - Providence Hospital, Washington, DC - 14

misadministrations where approximately 3000 rads was delivered with

1200-1500 rads prescribed with a Sr-90 eye applicator.



8/31/01 - St. Mary's Hospital, Rochester, MN - delivered dose from Co-60

gamma knife 39% greater than prescribed due to timer entry error.



8/31/01 - University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, KS - Technician

administered wrong radionuclide to patient.



(I'm not counting the 8/21/01 misadministration at Wyoming Medical

Center, where the misadministration resulted from highly technical

issues.)



I'd be interested to know whether the medical hp's are doing anything to

improve human performance in this area.



BTW:  I don't buy the previous excuses, when I raised this issue, that,

"It's not my job."  According to the HPS Prospectus, "The Society is a

professional organization whose mission is to promote the practice of

radiation safety..."  This seems to be one area where "the practice of

radiation safety" seems to need improvement.



The opinions expressed are strictly mine.

It's not about dose, it's about trust.



Bill Lipton

liptonw@dteenergy.com





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