RE: Re: Ecologic Limitations

["Jim Muckerheide" <jmuckerheide@cnts.wpi.edu>]

Thanks Bernie,



Note the extracts below from the web site:

http://www.tobacco.org/History/Tobacco_History.html 





-----Original Message-----

From:	BERNARD L COHEN





On Thu, 3 Jan 2002, Thomas J Savin wrote:



> I must confess that the statement below - is totally baffling to me.

  The first question is what was the life expectancy in the late 1800's.

  Did people live long enough to get lung cancer?



	--The issue of radon induced lung cancer in the early twentieth

century, in U.S. and elsewhere,  is treated in substantial

detail in our paper in Health Physics 38:53ff;1980. Diagnostic

efficiency

is the biggest issue as lung cancer was virtually unknown at that time,

but our treatment is convincing that there really were fewer lung

cancers

than expected from radon alone



> Smoking Tobacco had been performed way before the late 1800's.



	--Cigarette smoking did not become common in U.S.until World War

1



=========================



START/GROWTH OF SMOKING



* 1860: The Census for Virginia and North Carolina list 348 tobacco

factories, virtually all producing chewing tobacco. Only 6 list smoking

tobacco as a side-product (which is manufactured from scraps left over

from plug production).



* 1860: BUSINESS: Manufactured cigarettes appear. A popular early brand

is Bull Durham.



* 1861-1865: USA: THE CIVIL WAR: Tobacco is given with rations by both

North and South; many Northerners are introduced to tobacco this way.

During Sherman's march, Union soldiers, now attracted to the mild, sweet

"bright" tobacco of the South, raided warehouses--including Washington

Duke's--for some chew on the way home. Some bright made it all the way

back. Bright tobacco becomes the rage in the North.



* 1862: THE CIVIL WAR: First federal USA tax on tobacco; instituted to

help pay for the Civil War, yields about three million dollars.(TSW)



* 1864: BUSINESS: 1st American cigarette factory opens and produces

almost 20 million cigarettes.



* 1874: BUSINESS: Washington Duke, with his sons Benjamin N. Duke and

James Buchanan Duke, builds his first tobacco factory



* 1878: BUSINESS: J.E. Liggett & Brother incorporates as Liggett & Myers

Company. By 1885 Liggett is world's largest plug tobacco manufacturer;

doesn't make cigarettes until the 1890's



* 1880: BUSINESS: Bonsack machine granted first cigarette machine patent



* 1881: BUSINESS James Buchanan ("Buck") Duke enters the manufacturered

cigarette business, moving 125 Russian Jewish immigrants to Durham, NC.

First cigarette: Duke of Durham  brand. Duke's factory produces 9.8

million cigarettes, 1.5 % of the total market.



* 1884: BUSINESS: Duke heads to New York City to take his tobacco

business national and form a cartel that eventually becomes the American

Tobacco Co. Duke buys 2 Bonsack machines, getting one of them to produce

120,000 cigarettes in 10 hours by the end of the year. In this year Duke

produces 744 million cigarettes, more than the national total in 1883.

Duke's airtight contracts with Bonsack allow him to undersell all

competitors.



* 1900: Brosch experiments with tobacco carcinogenisis on guinea pigs



* 1900: REGULATION: Washington, Iowa, Tennessee and North Dakota have

outlawed the sale of cigarettes.



* 1900: CONSUMPTION: 4.4 billion cigarettes are sold this year. The

anti-cigarette movement has destroyed many smaller companies. Buck Duke

is selling 9 out of 10 cigarettes in the US.



* 1900: REGULATION: US Supreme Court uphold's Tennessee's ban on

cigarette sales. One Justice, repeating a popular notion of the day,

says, "there are many [cigarettes] whose tobacco has been mixed with

opium or some other drug, and whose wrapper has been saturated in a

solution of arsenic.".



* 1901: REGULATION: Strong anti-cigarette activity in 43 of the 45

states. "[O]nly Wyoming and Louisiana had paid no attention to the

cigarette controversy, while the other forty-three states either already

had anti-cigarette laws on the books, were considering new or tougher

anti-cigarette laws, or were the scenes of heavy anti- cigarette

activity" (Dillow, 1981:10).



* 1904: New York: A judge sends a woman is sent to jail for 30 days for

smoking in front of her children.



* 1904: New York City. A woman is arrested for smoking a cigarette in an

automobile. "You can't do that on Fifth Avenue," the arresting officer

says



* 1910: CONSUMPTION: Per capita cigarette consumption: 94/year. Per

capita cigar consumption: 77/year. (International Smoking Statistice)

Because of the heavy use of the inexpensive cigarette by immigrants, New

York still accounts for 25% of all cigarette sales. A New York Times

editorial praises the Non Smokers Protective League, saying anything

that could be done to allay "the general and indiscriminate use of

tobacco in public places, hotels, restaurants, and railroad cars, will

receive the approval of everybody whose approval is worth having." (RK)



* 1915: OPINION: Release of poster with quote from biologist Davis Starr

Jordan, "The boy who smokes cigarettes need not be anxious about his

future, he has none" (LB)



* 1916: Henry Ford publishes anti-cigarette pamphlet titled "The Case

against the Little White Slaver". (LB)



* 1917-18: US JOINS WORLD WAR I Cigarette rations determined by market

share, a great boost to Camel, which had over a third of the domestic

market.

    * Virtually an entire generation return from the war addicted to

cigarettes.

    * Turkish leaf is unavailable; American tobacco farmers get up to 70

cents/pound.

    * Those opposed to sending cigarettes to the doughboys are accused

of being traitors. According to General John J. Pershing:

          * You ask me what we need to win this war. I answer tobacco as

much as bullets.

          * Tobacco is as indispensable as the daily ration; we must

have thousands of tons without delay.

    * 1918: War Department buys the entire output of Bull Durham

tobacco. Bull Durham advertises, "When our boys light up, the Huns will

light out."



* 1920: CONSUMPTION: Per capita cigarette consumption: 419/year. Per

capita cigar consumption: 80/year. (International Smoking Statistics)



* 1939-1945: WORLD WAR II As part of the war effort, Roosevelt makes

tobacco a protected crop. General Douglas McArthur makes the corncob

pipe his trademark by posing with it on dramatic occasions such as his

wading ashore during the invasion and reconquest of the Philippines.

Cigarettes are included in GI's C-Rations. Tobacco companies send

millions of free cigs to GI's, mostly the popular brands; the home front

had to make do with off-brands like Rameses or Pacayunes. Tobacco

consumption is so fierce a shortage develops. By the end of the war,

cigarette sales are at an all-time high.



* 1940: CONSUMPTION: Adult Americans smoke 2,558 cigarettes per capita a

year, nearly twice the consumption of 1930. (ASG cites per capita

consumption for 1940 at 1,976.)







LUNG CANCER



* 1889: Lung cancer is an extremely rare disease: there are only 140

documented cases worldwide ( Kaminsky M. Ein primres Lungencarcinom mit

verhornten Plattenepithelien. Greifswald: Inaug. Diss, 1898.)



* 1913: AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE CONTROL OF CANCER is formed to inform

the public about the disease. It will later become the AMERICAN CANCER

SOCIETY.(RK)



* 1914: HEALTH: Lung cancer death rate is 0.6 per 100,000 (US Census

Bureau); 371 cases reported in the US. (RK).



* 1919: HEALTH: Washington University medical student Alton Ochsner is

summoned to observe lung cancer surgery--something, he is told, he may

never see again. He doesn't see another case for 17 years. Then he sees

8 in six months--all smokers who had picked up the habit in WW I.



* 1925: HEALTH: Lung cancer death rate is 1.7 per 100,000 (US Census

Bureau)(RK).



* 1928: HEALTH: Lombard & Doering examine 217 Mass. cancer victims,

comparing age, gender, economic status, diet, smoking and drinking.

Their New England Journal of Medicine report finds overall cancer rates

only slightly less for nonsmokers, but finds 34 of 35 site-specific

(lung, lips, cheek, jaw) cancer sufferers are heavy smokers.(RK).



* 1929: HEALTH: Fritz Lickint of Dresden publishes the first formal

statistical evidence of a lung cancer-tobacco link, based on a case

series showing that lung cancer sufferers were likely to be smokers.

Lickint also argued that tobacco use was the best way to explain the

fact that lung cancer struck men four or five times more often than

women (since women smoked much less). (Proctor)



* 1930: HEALTH: 2,357 cases of lung cancer reported in the US. (RK) The

lung cancer death rate in white males is 3.8 per 100,000.



* 1939: GERMANY: Fritz Lickint, in collaboration with the Reich

Committee for the Struggle against Adictive Drugs and the German

Antitobacco League, publishes Tabak und Organismus (Tobacco and the

Organism). Proctor calls the 1,100 page volume "arguably the most

comprehensive scholarly indictment of tobacco ever published." It blamed

smoking for cancers all along the Rauchstrasse ("smoke alley")--lips,

tongue, mouth, jaw, esophagus, windpipe and lungs, and included "a

convincing argu ent that 'passive smoking' ( Passivrauchen. . . ) posed

a serious threat to nonsmokers." [Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer]



* 1939: HEALTH: GERMANY: Franz Muller presents "the world's first

controlled epidemiological study of the tobacco-lung cancer

relationship." --Proctor. Tabakmissbrauch und Lungencarcinom ("Tobacco

Misuse and Lung Carcinoma") finds that "the extraordinary rise in

tobacco use [is] the single most important cause of the rising incidence

of lung cancer." A brief abstarct is published in the Sept. 30, 1939

issue of JAMA Franz Hermann Muller of the University of Cologne's

Pathological Institute finds extremely strong dose relationship between

smoking and lung cancer. (Mller FH. Tabakmissbrauch und Lungencarcinom.

Zeitschrift fr Krebsforschung 1939;49:5785.)



* 1939: GERMANY: Hermann Goring issues a decree forbidding the military

to smoke on the streets, on marches, and on brief off duty periods.



* 1940: HEALTH: 7,121 cases of lung cancer reported in the US. (RK).



* 1941: HEALTH: An article by Dr. Michael DeBakey notes a correlation

between the increased sale of tobacco and the increasing prevalence of

lung cancer



* 1941-04-05: GERMANY: The racial hygienist and Professor of Medicine

Karl Astel founds the Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der

Tabakgefahren (Scientific Institute for the Research into the Hazards of

Tobacco or Institute for the Struggle Against Tobacco Hazards, as it was

also known), at Jena University in Weimar with a 100 000 Reichsmarks

grant from Hitler's Reich Chancellery. Shortly after, the industry

established its own information organ, the 'Tabacologia medicinalis,'

which is soon shut down by Reich Health Fhrer Leonardo Conti. (Proctor).



* 1948: HEALTH: Lung cancer has grown 5 times faster than other cancers

since 1938; behind stomach cancer, it is now the most common form of the

disease.



*1950

    * In the May 27, 1950 issue of JAMA, Morton Levin publishes first

major study definitively linking smoking to lung cancer.

    * In the same issue, "Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiologic Factor

in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A Study of 684 Proved Cases," by Ernst L.

Wynder and Evarts A. Graham of the United States, found that 96.5% of

lung cancer patients interviewed were moderate heavy-to-chain-smokers.

    * 1950-09:30: RICHARD DOLL and A BRADFORD HILL publish first report

on Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung in the British Medical Journal,

finding that heavy smokers were fifty times as likely as nonsmokers to

contract lung cancer.